{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390939382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3355112","title":"Electron Trajectories and Critical Current in a Two-Dimensional Planar Magnetically Insulated Crossed-Field Gap","display_name":"Electron Trajectories and Critical Current in a Two-Dimensional Planar Magnetically Insulated Crossed-Field Gap","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390939382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3355112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3355112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3355112","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10401919.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10401919.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020991987","display_name":"Xiaojun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5397-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111113264","display_name":"Jack K. Wright","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack K. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078605366","display_name":"N. R. Sree Harsha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. R. Sree Harsha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080575046","display_name":"Jim Browning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-1817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Browning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018277307","display_name":"Allen L. Garner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-7437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen L. Garner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020991987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3268,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7705005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"11378","last_page":"11387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brillouin-zone","display_name":"Brillouin zone","score":0.794329047203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5944257378578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cathode","display_name":"Cathode","score":0.5685397982597351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.5093249082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.507176399230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condensed-matter-physics","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","score":0.4925430715084076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.4499463140964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4290947914123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.41978034377098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16071408987045288}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16291881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917246","display_name":"Brillouin zone","level":2,"score":0.794329047203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5944257378578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.5685397982597351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.5093249082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.507176399230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.4925430715084076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.4499463140964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4290947914123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.41978034377098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16071408987045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3355112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3355112","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10401919.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.boisestate.edu:electrical_facpubs-1566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/electrical_facpubs/564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196366","display_name":"Scholar Works  (Boise State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","host_organization_name":"Boise State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7998a84058f45a1b457ee1d3b71f3b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7998a84058f45a1b457ee1d3b71f3b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 11378-11387 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3355112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3355112","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10401919.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2811237814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3092434434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-21-1-2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5604408246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-22-1-0499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6098521345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390939382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390939382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627925682","https://openalex.org/W1968194495","https://openalex.org/W1970946779","https://openalex.org/W1983655446","https://openalex.org/W1984276925","https://openalex.org/W1995125672","https://openalex.org/W1997966217","https://openalex.org/W1998333459","https://openalex.org/W2004697089","https://openalex.org/W2008188625","https://openalex.org/W2015072211","https://openalex.org/W2032861466","https://openalex.org/W2041273778","https://openalex.org/W2045629957","https://openalex.org/W2055851622","https://openalex.org/W2066823098","https://openalex.org/W2073234936","https://openalex.org/W2078914627","https://openalex.org/W2079118247","https://openalex.org/W2081146719","https://openalex.org/W2081163409","https://openalex.org/W2081566272","https://openalex.org/W2085910056","https://openalex.org/W2091447053","https://openalex.org/W2100267831","https://openalex.org/W2133155627","https://openalex.org/W2224953241","https://openalex.org/W2602323769","https://openalex.org/W2623103425","https://openalex.org/W2724620095","https://openalex.org/W2979401505","https://openalex.org/W3013769840","https://openalex.org/W3136448691","https://openalex.org/W3170451381","https://openalex.org/W3190630152","https://openalex.org/W3195165584","https://openalex.org/W4200603516","https://openalex.org/W4238607441","https://openalex.org/W4246654434","https://openalex.org/W4253225946","https://openalex.org/W4255995554","https://openalex.org/W4285119050","https://openalex.org/W4285146004","https://openalex.org/W4285285017","https://openalex.org/W4375945805","https://openalex.org/W4375949230","https://openalex.org/W4386832361","https://openalex.org/W6739413685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036113194","https://openalex.org/W4388155470","https://openalex.org/W2046979465","https://openalex.org/W2017848950","https://openalex.org/W2316243321","https://openalex.org/W2009884537","https://openalex.org/W2394164816","https://openalex.org/W1996871648","https://openalex.org/W1968833643","https://openalex.org/W4226512198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"critical":[1,55,98],"current":[2,46,56,99,162],"in":[3,47,57,82,101,107,127,132,150],"a":[4,15,19,58,74,92,128,136,151,182,191,201],"one-dimensional":[5],"(1D)":[6],"crossed-field":[7,64,130,154],"gap":[8,131,155],"is":[9,88,104],"defined":[10],"by":[11,24,41,164],"the":[12,30,52,85,97,111,124,133,145,166,197,206,218,228],"transition":[13],"from":[14,170],"cycloidal":[16,114,148,177,198,219],"flow":[17,26],"to":[18,28,143,173,210],"near-Brillouin":[20],"(nB)":[21],"state":[22,78,95],"characterized":[23],"electron":[25,125],"orthogonal":[27],"both":[29],"electric":[31],"and":[32,35,76,116,147,160,178,212,224,233],"magnetic":[33],"fields":[34],"uniform":[36],"virtual":[37,86,207],"cathode":[38,87,208],"formation.":[39],"Motivated":[40],"recent":[42],"studies":[43],"on":[44],"space-charge-limited":[45],"non-magnetic":[48],"diodes,":[49],"we":[50,139],"assess":[51,144],"meaning":[53],"of":[54,113,135],"magentically":[59],"insulated":[60],"two-dimensional":[61],"(2D)":[62],"planar":[63,153],"geometry.":[65],"Particle-in-cell":[66],"(PIC)":[67],"simulations":[68,172],"demonstrate":[69],"that":[70],"binary":[71,137],"behavior":[72],"between":[73],"laminar":[75],"turbulent":[77],"does":[79],"not":[80],"occur":[81],"2D":[83,129,152],"because":[84],"nonuniform.":[89],"Rather":[90],"than":[91],"distinct":[93],"nB":[94],"above":[96],"as":[100],"1D,":[102],"there":[103],"an":[105],"increase":[106],"Brillouin":[108,146,179,187,229],"contribution":[109,188],"with":[110,214],"presence":[112],"components":[115,149,230],"noise":[117,199,220],"even":[118],"at":[119],"low":[120],"currents.":[121],"To":[122],"evaluate":[123],"flows":[126],"absence":[134],"transition,":[138],"developed":[140],"two":[141],"metrics":[142],"for":[156,176,190],"various":[157],"emission":[158,184],"widths":[159],"injection":[161,193,203,216],"densities":[163],"comparing":[165],"phase":[167],"space":[168],"plots":[169],"PIC":[171],"analytical":[174],"solutions":[175],"flow.":[180],"For":[181],"smaller":[183],"width,":[185],"less":[186],"occurs":[189],"given":[192],"current,":[194,217],"while":[195,227],"maximizing":[196],"requires":[200],"larger":[202],"current.":[204],"Once":[205],"starts":[209],"form":[211],"expand":[213],"increasing":[215],"reaches":[221],"its":[222],"peak":[223],"then":[225],"decreases":[226],"become":[231],"significant":[232],"increase.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
