{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390872192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353805","title":"Adaptive DDL Algorithm to Elucidate the Protection Misoperation in Malaysian Rapid Rail DC Traction System","display_name":"Adaptive DDL Algorithm to Elucidate the Protection Misoperation in Malaysian Rapid Rail DC Traction System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390872192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3353805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353805","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10399481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10399481.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086485200","display_name":"Vimal Rajan Bharatha Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vimal Rajan Bharatha Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4367-1412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077183121","display_name":"Mohammad Lutfi Othman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0382-8666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Lutfi Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0382-8666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074359388","display_name":"Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-9796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-9796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025649286","display_name":"Hashim Hizam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-3093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hashim Bin Hizam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-3093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101493057","display_name":"M. Nasir Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-3124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72541430","display_name":"Lakehead University","ror":"https://ror.org/023p7mg82","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Nasir Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-3124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108893808","display_name":"Nima Razaei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72541430","display_name":"Lakehead University","ror":"https://ror.org/023p7mg82","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Razaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4263-0620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033615015","display_name":"Andrew Xavier Raj Irudayaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-3610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Xavier Raj Irudayaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-3610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078213447","display_name":"Shiva Gopalakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiva Gopalakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008886530","display_name":"Tasmeea Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-515X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasmeea Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-515X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Lightning and Power Energy Research (ALPER), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2515,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88034745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"10995","last_page":"11009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overcurrent","display_name":"Overcurrent","score":0.7705318927764893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traction-power-network","display_name":"Traction power network","score":0.7198229432106018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traction","display_name":"Traction (geology)","score":0.6485207080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5733875036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.5720201730728149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5496049523353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrification","display_name":"Electrification","score":0.536633312702179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.4825645983219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.4651528298854828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.4448516070842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4264930486679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.41274768114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36734676361083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3460913896560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31901347637176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3105016350746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.11765280365943909}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.7705318927764893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186697258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361842","display_name":"Traction power network","level":3,"score":0.7198229432106018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38834483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17000223","display_name":"Traction (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6485207080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5733875036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.5720201730728149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5496049523353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.536633312702179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.4825645983219147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4651528298854828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.4448516070842743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4264930486679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.41274768114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36734676361083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3460913896560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31901347637176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3105016350746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.11765280365943909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3353805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353805","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10399481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:105727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105727/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c6a8f7330727482fb8090b082a73481b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c6a8f7330727482fb8090b082a73481b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 10995-11009 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3353805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353805","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10399481.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390872192.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390872192.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540379934","https://openalex.org/W1977002200","https://openalex.org/W1984394468","https://openalex.org/W1997958325","https://openalex.org/W2072133671","https://openalex.org/W2094453972","https://openalex.org/W2148802651","https://openalex.org/W2161189560","https://openalex.org/W2163756206","https://openalex.org/W2604920261","https://openalex.org/W2897163027","https://openalex.org/W2898480097","https://openalex.org/W3006312345","https://openalex.org/W3084069757","https://openalex.org/W3103691625","https://openalex.org/W3113581336","https://openalex.org/W3135675294","https://openalex.org/W4386619216","https://openalex.org/W6728377432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586801069","https://openalex.org/W3159420259","https://openalex.org/W1989451277","https://openalex.org/W2808698631","https://openalex.org/W1548783648","https://openalex.org/W2036302375","https://openalex.org/W3094007325","https://openalex.org/W3192574672","https://openalex.org/W1972196300","https://openalex.org/W2907754491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,173],"modern":[1],"railway":[2,145],"traffic":[3,57,234],"systems,":[4,95],"direct":[5],"current":[6,27,183],"(DC)":[7],"electrification":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10,18,199,210],"prevalent":[11],"choice,":[12],"with":[13],"numerous":[14],"traction":[15,82],"networks":[16],"adopting":[17],"variety":[19],"of":[20,44,55,69,143,175,206],"voltage":[21],"levels":[22],"to":[23,51,76,87,168,186],"accommodate":[24],"varying":[25],"load":[26],"dynamics.":[28],"These":[29,117],"dynamics":[30],"are":[31,49,85,129,224],"influenced":[32],"by":[33,90,161],"passenger":[34],"density,":[35],"aggregate":[36],"demand":[37],"for":[38,102,139,212,227],"electrical":[39,147,216],"power,":[40],"headways,":[41],"and":[42,58,65,135],"frequency":[43],"locomotive":[45],"operations.":[46],"Load":[47],"currents":[48,79],"prone":[50],"surges":[52,72],"during":[53],"periods":[54],"dense":[56],"transient":[59],"phases":[60],"such":[61,96],"as":[62,97,209],"acceleration,":[63],"deceleration,":[64],"the":[66,74,81,98,123,140,144,152,156,164,169,188,194,202,214],"start\u2013stop":[67],"sequences":[68],"trains.":[70],"Such":[71],"hold":[73],"potential":[75],"precipitate":[77],"fault":[78,125],"within":[80],"system,":[83],"which":[84,128],"similar":[86],"those":[88],"engendered":[89],"external":[91],"anomalies.":[92],"Conventional":[93],"protection":[94,159],"D\u00e9tection":[99],"D\u00e9faut":[100],"Ligne\u2019\u2014French":[101],"\u2019Line":[103],"Fault":[104],"Detection),":[105],"may":[106,136],"not":[107,137],"always":[108],"effectively":[109],"identify":[110],"remote":[111],"faults":[112],"or":[113],"prolonged":[114],"overcurrent":[115],"situations.":[116],"scenarios":[118],"necessitate":[119],"an":[120,180],"advancement":[121],"beyond":[122],"traditional":[124],"detection":[126],"methodologies,":[127],"primarily":[130],"reliant":[131],"on":[132,163],"fixed":[133],"thresholds":[134],"account":[138],"dynamic":[141],"nature":[142],"system\u2019s":[146],"load.":[148],"This":[149,218],"paper":[150],"addresses":[151],"limitations":[153],"inherent":[154,192],"in":[155,193,230],"existing":[157],"DDL":[158,184],"mechanisms":[160],"focusing":[162],"feeder":[165],"attributes":[166],"specific":[167],"DC":[170,231],"Traction":[171],"System.":[172],"pursuit":[174],"this":[176],"objective,":[177],"we":[178],"introduce":[179],"innovative":[181],"adaptive":[182],"algorithm":[185],"refine":[187],"rigid":[189],"threshold":[190],"paradigm":[191],"conventional":[195],"approach.":[196],"To":[197],"facilitate":[198],"pragmatic":[200],"assessment,":[201],"Rapid":[203],"Rail":[204],"network":[205],"Malaysia":[207],"serves":[208],"reference":[211],"emulating":[213],"railway\u2019s":[215],"system.":[217],"comprehensive":[219],"analysis":[220],"yields":[221],"insights":[222],"that":[223],"potentially":[225],"useful":[226],"safety":[228],"protocols":[229],"electrified":[232],"railroad":[233],"systems.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
