{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390738613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353051","title":"3D Object Detection for Self-Driving Vehicles Enhanced by Object Velocity","display_name":"3D Object Detection for Self-Driving Vehicles Enhanced by Object Velocity","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390738613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3353051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353051","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10388285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10388285.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093703100","display_name":"Leandro Alexandrino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-5873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leandro Alexandrino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049823300","display_name":"Hadi Z. Olyaei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Z. Olyaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia, Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia, Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108537611","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Albuquerque","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Albuquerque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Car Multimedia, Braga, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Car Multimedia, Braga, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041531122","display_name":"P\u00e9tia Georgieva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6424-6590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petia Georgieva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072560197","display_name":"Miguel V. Drummond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4017-3304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel V. Drummond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093703100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9498,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86381446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"8220","last_page":"8229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8140691518783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7703207731246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7323213815689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7235540747642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6450871229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6255826354026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5548045039176941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.48905858397483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4850305914878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4823864996433258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radial-velocity","display_name":"Radial velocity","score":0.440249502658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.28863704204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.15532240271568298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11559408903121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1140279769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0775076150894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.06715354323387146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8140691518783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7703207731246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7323213815689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7235540747642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6450871229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6255826354026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5548045039176941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.48905858397483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4850305914878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4823864996433258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41074950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240105","display_name":"Radial velocity","level":3,"score":0.440249502658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.28863704204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.15532240271568298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11559408903121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1140279769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0775076150894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.06715354323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3353051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353051","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10388285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c9501e103f414ef1833bc95fd7b4393b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c9501e103f414ef1833bc95fd7b4393b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 8220-8229 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3353051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3353051","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10388285.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4258564617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4551774506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/50008/2020-UIDP/50008/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538284277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"National Recovery","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7948951800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BG-RRP-2.004-0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390738613.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390738613.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2212765426","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2970452316","https://openalex.org/W3016600231","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3081605498","https://openalex.org/W3100435238","https://openalex.org/W3167441898","https://openalex.org/W3183519347","https://openalex.org/W4296437372","https://openalex.org/W4390738613","https://openalex.org/W4400715542","https://openalex.org/W6863558566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"large":[1],"number":[2,139],"of":[3,28,35,42,53,64,68,93,99,140],"vision":[4],"sensors":[5],"has":[6,60],"been":[7],"proposed":[8],"for":[9,90],"enabling":[10],"self-driving":[11],"vehicles":[12],"to":[13,103],"perceive":[14],"their":[15],"surroundings.":[16],"Among":[17],"them,":[18],"Light":[19],"Detection":[20],"And":[21],"Ranging":[22],"(LiDAR)":[23],"presents":[24],"the":[25,36,40,54,62,94],"unique":[26],"advantage":[27],"acquiring":[29],"a":[30,65,137],"high":[31],"resolution":[32],"3D":[33,48,121],"representation":[34],"vehicle":[37],"surroundings,":[38],"in":[39,120,133],"form":[41],"point":[43,92,95],"clouds,":[44],"which":[45,105],"enables":[46],"accurate":[47],"object":[49,122,128],"detection.":[50,75,123],"The":[51,97],"success":[52],"first":[55],"(and":[56],"current)":[57],"generation":[58,67,77],"LiDARs":[59,78],"motivated":[61],"development":[63],"second":[66],"this":[69,100],"sensor,":[70],"now":[71],"based":[72],"on":[73],"coherent":[74],"Second":[76],"thus":[79],"enable":[80],"not":[81],"only":[82],"estimating":[83],"radial":[84,88,117],"distance,":[85],"but":[86],"also":[87],"velocity":[89,118,129],"each":[91],"cloud.":[96],"objective":[98],"work":[101],"is":[102,130],"investigate":[104],"benefits":[106],"can":[107],"be":[108],"obtained":[109],"by":[110,136],"considering":[111,127],"such":[112],"an":[113],"additional":[114],"information":[115],"\u2013":[116,119],"Results":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"particularly":[131],"helpful":[132],"objects":[134],"represented":[135],"small":[138],"points.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
