{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390659333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3350978","title":"Enhanced CNN-LSTM Deep Learning for SCADA IDS Featuring Hurst Parameter Self-Similarity","display_name":"Enhanced CNN-LSTM Deep Learning for SCADA IDS Featuring Hurst Parameter Self-Similarity","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390659333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3350978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3350978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3350978","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10382525.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10382525.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043630686","display_name":"Asaad Balla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-9042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","display_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9hs139","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asaad Balla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-9042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053986026","display_name":"Mohamed Hadi Habaebi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-0850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","display_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9hs139","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Hadi Habaebi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-0850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069664993","display_name":"Elfatih A. A. Elsheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-5861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elfatih A. A. Elsheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-5861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100714273","display_name":"Md. Rafiqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-2840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","display_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9hs139","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Rafiqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-2840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110829004","display_name":"Fakher Eldin M. Suliman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fakher Eldin Mohamed Suliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064626412","display_name":"Sinil Mubarak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","display_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9hs139","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinil Mubarak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043630686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.6203,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96965458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"6100","last_page":"6116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.787200927734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6585935354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6303658485412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-similarity","display_name":"Self-similarity","score":0.557170569896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hurst-exponent","display_name":"Hurst exponent","score":0.5456928610801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5352734923362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.43036922812461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3265368938446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08272042870521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07740786671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06183317303657532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.787200927734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6585935354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6303658485412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119453123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262372","display_name":"Self-similarity","level":2,"score":0.557170569896698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96835011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638718","display_name":"Hurst exponent","level":2,"score":0.5456928610801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5352734923362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.43036922812461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3265368938446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08272042870521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07740786671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06183317303657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3350978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3350978","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10382525.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:120262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://irep.iium.edu.my/120262/2/120262_Enhanced%20CNN-LSTM_SCOPUS.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400713","display_name":"The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4164984","host_organization_name":"International Islamic University Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4164984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93995c92af6a4a4a8605a27d77805cf0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93995c92af6a4a4a8605a27d77805cf0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 6100-6116 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3350978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3350978","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10382525.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6566201327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R.G.P.1/221/44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390659333.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390659333.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2485388734","https://openalex.org/W2540989615","https://openalex.org/W2603225986","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2907021024","https://openalex.org/W2963261445","https://openalex.org/W3010981001","https://openalex.org/W3011249019","https://openalex.org/W3016266335","https://openalex.org/W3033437482","https://openalex.org/W3042776832","https://openalex.org/W3088478754","https://openalex.org/W3091640033","https://openalex.org/W3093276730","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3156356812","https://openalex.org/W3164999323","https://openalex.org/W4211172221","https://openalex.org/W4211201838","https://openalex.org/W4285494150","https://openalex.org/W4293220742","https://openalex.org/W4295788744","https://openalex.org/W4308581863","https://openalex.org/W4311376905","https://openalex.org/W4313654696","https://openalex.org/W4313828799","https://openalex.org/W4381568796","https://openalex.org/W4383196772","https://openalex.org/W4389828270","https://openalex.org/W6839545246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377886499","https://openalex.org/W1602918169","https://openalex.org/W1506543445","https://openalex.org/W2127392574","https://openalex.org/W2573791844","https://openalex.org/W2149756718","https://openalex.org/W113696316","https://openalex.org/W3047008523","https://openalex.org/W2148767310","https://openalex.org/W3021897514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervisory":[0],"Control":[1],"and":[2,13,97,121,155,188],"Data":[3],"Acquisition":[4],"(SCADA)":[5],"systems":[6],"are":[7],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,30,118,124,132],"modern":[10],"industrial":[11,193],"processes":[12],"securing":[14],"them":[15],"against":[16],"increasing":[17,114],"cyber":[18],"threats":[19],"is":[20,48,79],"a":[21,36,58,77,170],"significant":[22],"challenge.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25],"presents":[26],"an":[27],"advanced":[28],"method":[29],"bolstering":[31],"SCADA":[32],"security":[33],"by":[34,107],"employing":[35],"modified":[37],"hybrid":[38],"deep":[39],"learning":[40],"model.":[41,162],"A":[42],"key":[43],"innovation":[44],"in":[45,76,81,173,192],"this":[46],"work":[47],"integrating":[49],"the":[50,55,63,74,88,137,142,146,149,160,166,181],"Self-similarity":[51],"Hurst":[52,70,150,167],"parameter":[53,168],"into":[54],"dataset":[56,90],"alongside":[57],"CNN-LSTM":[59,102,182],"model,":[60],"significantly":[61,158],"boosting":[62],"Intrusion":[64],"Detection":[65],"System\u2019s":[66],"(IDS)":[67],"capabilities.":[68],"The":[69,101,163],"parameter,":[71,151],"which":[72],"quantifies":[73],"self-similarity":[75],"dataset,":[78],"instrumental":[80],"detecting":[82],"anomalies.":[83],"Our":[84],"in-depth":[85],"analysis":[86],"of":[87,145,165],"CICIDS2017":[89],"sheds":[91],"light":[92],"on":[93],"contemporary":[94],"attack":[95],"patterns":[96],"network":[98],"traffic":[99],"behaviors.":[100],"architecture":[103],"was":[104,130],"substantially":[105],"altered":[106],"adding":[108],"multiple":[109],"convolutional":[110],"layers":[111,123],"with":[112],"progressively":[113],"filters,":[115],"batch":[116],"normalization":[117],"stable":[119],"training,":[120],"dropout":[122],"regularization.":[125],"Principal":[126],"Component":[127],"Analysis":[128],"(PCA)":[129],"applied":[131],"dimensionality":[133],"reduction,":[134],"thereby":[135],"optimizing":[136],"dataset.":[138],"Test":[139],"results":[140],"demonstrate":[141],"superior":[143],"performance":[144],"model":[147,183],"incorporating":[148],"achieving":[152],"95.21%":[153],"accuracy":[154],"82.59%":[156],"recall,":[157],"surpassing":[159],"standard":[161],"inclusion":[164],"marks":[169],"substantial":[171],"advancement":[172],"identifying":[174],"emerging":[175],"threats,":[176],"while":[177],"architectural":[178],"improvements":[179],"to":[180,185],"led":[184],"more":[186],"robust":[187],"accurate":[189],"intrusion":[190],"detection":[191],"control":[194],"settings.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
