{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390492970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3349186","title":"SPICE Model of a Passive Battery Management System","display_name":"SPICE Model of a Passive Battery Management System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390492970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3349186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3349186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3349186","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10379595.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10379595.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064189321","display_name":"Ionu\u021b-Constantin Guran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ionu\u0163-Constantin Guran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-5074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006853945","display_name":"Adriana Florescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-8437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Florescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112193055","display_name":"Lucian Andrei Peri\u015foar\u0103","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2222-1475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucian Andrei Peri\u015foar\u0103","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88303466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"4000","last_page":"4014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spice","display_name":"Spice","score":0.8223055601119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.7432042360305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6850954294204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6385778188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack","display_name":"Battery pack","score":0.6052678227424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.581576943397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.48233935236930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.4481297731399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.4159584045410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-system","display_name":"Energy management system","score":0.4136520028114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4093865752220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.36768969893455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36352598667144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33750712871551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.3354206085205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20898780226707458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780077345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16891888","display_name":"Spice","level":2,"score":0.8223055601119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7432042360305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6850954294204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6385778188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778508592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420116","display_name":"Battery pack","level":4,"score":0.6052678227424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.581576943397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48233935236930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.4481297731399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.4159584045410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.4136520028114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4093865752220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.36768969893455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36352598667144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33750712871551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.3354206085205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20898780226707458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3349186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3349186","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10379595.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8520c04d80174df9ae24db8251a3adae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8520c04d80174df9ae24db8251a3adae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 4000-4014 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3349186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3349186","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10379595.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390492970.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390492970.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036198496","https://openalex.org/W2530203890","https://openalex.org/W2797636357","https://openalex.org/W2895602755","https://openalex.org/W2904190313","https://openalex.org/W2946484533","https://openalex.org/W2961733032","https://openalex.org/W2972868955","https://openalex.org/W3030839406","https://openalex.org/W3046123253","https://openalex.org/W4200283856","https://openalex.org/W4206448070","https://openalex.org/W4206477807","https://openalex.org/W4206616823","https://openalex.org/W4220738454","https://openalex.org/W4283708202","https://openalex.org/W4285073836","https://openalex.org/W4291700967","https://openalex.org/W4291701053","https://openalex.org/W4309327410","https://openalex.org/W4312799825","https://openalex.org/W4322577444","https://openalex.org/W4323895125","https://openalex.org/W4327782961","https://openalex.org/W4362501583","https://openalex.org/W4362547016","https://openalex.org/W4367309005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790199556","https://openalex.org/W2519883542","https://openalex.org/W1875107897","https://openalex.org/W2098015238","https://openalex.org/W2997003398","https://openalex.org/W4327662979","https://openalex.org/W4388764299","https://openalex.org/W2912279478","https://openalex.org/W2088536121","https://openalex.org/W2006495569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,162,205],"migration":[1],"towards":[2],"green":[3],"energy":[4,17],"has":[5],"seen":[6],"a":[7,28,83,147,167],"big":[8],"increase":[9],"in":[10,52,55,65,101,154,175,233,256],"the":[11,22,25,35,41,45,47,66,74,91,93,98,105,111,116,120,129,139,142,155,171,176,201,209,215,218,221,226,230,234,237,250,257,266,271],"number":[12],"of":[13,44,59,125,146,166,208,220,236,259],"electric":[14],"vehicles":[15],"and":[16,38,71,123,144,194,197,240,277],"storage":[18],"systems":[19,263],"existing":[20],"on":[21,119,247],"market,":[23],"where":[24],"battery":[26,48,75,84,149,181,241,261],"is":[27,95,192,244],"fundamental":[29],"part.":[30],"In":[31,77],"order":[32,78,102],"to":[33,62,79,103,225,264,275],"provide":[34],"necessary":[36],"voltage":[37,179],"current":[39,183,243],"for":[40,138],"power":[42,187],"supply":[43],"system,":[46],"cells":[49,222],"are":[50],"connected":[51],"series":[53],"and/or":[54],"parallel.":[56],"These":[57],"types":[58],"connections":[60],"lead":[61],"an":[63],"imbalance":[64],"cells\u2019":[67],"state-of-charge":[68],"over":[69],"time":[70,141,278],"drastically":[72],"decrease":[73],"life.":[76],"prevent":[80],"this":[81,133,135],"imbalance,":[82],"management":[85,150,262],"system":[86,106,151,216],"must":[87],"be":[88,254],"used.":[89],"At":[90],"moment,":[92],"simulation":[94,152,206],"used":[96,157,174,255],"before":[97,270],"physical":[99,121,272],"implementation":[100,124,143],"verify":[104],"design,":[107],"with":[108,170],"SPICE":[109,130],"being":[110],"preferred":[112],"mixed-signal":[113],"simulator.":[114],"However,":[115],"literature":[117],"focuses":[118],"design":[122,258],"BMS":[126,163,203,211],"without":[127],"treating":[128],"simulation.":[131],"For":[132],"reason,":[134],"article":[136],"proposes":[137],"first":[140],"verification":[145],"passive":[148],"model":[153,164,212],"most":[156],"SPICE-based":[158],"environment,":[159],"OrCAD":[160],"Capture.":[161],"consists":[165],"modular":[168],"approach,":[169],"following":[172],"blocks":[173],"implementation:":[177],"cell":[178,185,238],"sensing,":[180,184],"pack":[182,242],"balancing,":[186],"supply,":[188],"microcontroller.":[189],"Each":[190],"block":[191],"simulated":[193],"verified":[195],"separately":[196],"then":[198],"integrated":[199],"into":[200],"final":[202,210],"model.":[204],"results":[207],"show":[213],"that":[214],"performs":[217],"balancing":[219,227],"correctly":[223],"according":[224],"algorithm,":[228],"while":[229],"maximum":[231],"error":[232],"measurement":[235],"voltages":[239],"1.5%.":[245],"Based":[246],"these":[248],"results,":[249],"proposed":[251],"methodology":[252],"can":[253],"real-world":[260],"reach":[265],"best":[267],"possible":[268],"architecture":[269],"implementation,":[273],"leading":[274],"cost":[276],"optimization.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}