{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390480768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348663","title":"Analysis of the Impact of Lens Blur on Safety-Critical Automotive Object Detection","display_name":"Analysis of the Impact of Lens Blur on Safety-Critical Automotive Object Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390480768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348663","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10378690.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10378690.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059517839","display_name":"Dara Molloy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dara Molloy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-0718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102023679","display_name":"Patrick M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9585-6723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83041830","display_name":"Deggendorf Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02kw5st29","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83041830"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Hochschule Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9585-6723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Hochschule Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83041830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091422105","display_name":"Brian Deegan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Deegan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040513244","display_name":"Darragh Mullins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-7868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darragh Mullins","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-7868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030416087","display_name":"Jonathan Horgan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126639","display_name":"Valeo (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/031sgpn76","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192","https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Horgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Valeo, Tuam, Galway, Ireland","Valeo, Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo, Tuam, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo, Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072676135","display_name":"Enda Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4325-5117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126639","display_name":"Valeo (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/031sgpn76","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192","https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enda Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Valeo, Tuam, Galway, Ireland","Valeo, Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo, Tuam, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo, Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008448972","display_name":"Edward Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-4442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-4442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081482620","display_name":"Alexander Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1513-5111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83041830","display_name":"Deggendorf Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02kw5st29","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83041830"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Hochschule Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Hochschule Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83041830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053838927","display_name":"Martin Glavin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1477-4835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Glavin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059517839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4933,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89858784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"3554","last_page":"3569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.8241637349128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7799495458602905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7684648036956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6998909711837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.620510458946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5082132816314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.48387134075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.41855114698410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4157879054546356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1896900236606598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.17020419239997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09272810816764832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.8241637349128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7799495458602905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7684648036956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6998909711837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.620510458946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5082132816314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.48387134075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.41855114698410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4157879054546356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1896900236606598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.17020419239997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09272810816764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348663","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10378690.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:638868651b0047b3a0e2a9013fa4cf93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/638868651b0047b3a0e2a9013fa4cf93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 3554-3569 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348663","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10378690.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7736775806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390480768.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1932772409","https://openalex.org/W1983348509","https://openalex.org/W2064412153","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2511484725","https://openalex.org/W2552164092","https://openalex.org/W2556882396","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2578937925","https://openalex.org/W2737512385","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2902128179","https://openalex.org/W2951940613","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963980515","https://openalex.org/W2964026145","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2970268874","https://openalex.org/W2977160928","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W3004127905","https://openalex.org/W3016664689","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3096832794","https://openalex.org/W3104668471","https://openalex.org/W3122239467","https://openalex.org/W3132500446","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3175169988","https://openalex.org/W3182868926","https://openalex.org/W3207191429","https://openalex.org/W3210429904","https://openalex.org/W3215492336","https://openalex.org/W4226520525","https://openalex.org/W4288404646","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4302617629","https://openalex.org/W4308831279","https://openalex.org/W4376626209","https://openalex.org/W4382468166","https://openalex.org/W4384519307","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6675026286","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6729764063","https://openalex.org/W6730903564","https://openalex.org/W6741610645","https://openalex.org/W6746085279","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6753695549","https://openalex.org/W6756444276","https://openalex.org/W6757555829","https://openalex.org/W6767381984","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6803937548","https://openalex.org/W6849520326","https://openalex.org/W6931202655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Camera-based":[0],"object":[1,79,106,113,177,215],"detection":[2,80,88,107,114,149,178,216],"is":[3,34,129,155,183],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,78,93,168],"safety-critical":[7],"applications":[8],"such":[9,45],"as":[10,46],"advanced":[11],"driver":[12],"assistance":[13],"systems":[14,81],"(ADAS)":[15],"and":[16,48,64,109,131,135,180,199,213],"autonomous":[17],"vehicle":[18],"research.":[19],"Road":[20],"infrastructure":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23],"designed":[24],"for":[25,54,151],"human":[26],"vision,":[27,30],"so":[28],"computer":[29],"with":[31,118],"RGB":[32],"cameras,":[33],"a":[35,60,75,87,138,158],"vital":[36],"source":[37],"of":[38,74,121,140,160,221],"semantic":[39],"information":[40],"from":[41,145],"the":[42,94,103,146,164,174],"environment.":[43],"Sensors,":[44],"LIDAR":[47],"RADAR,":[49],"are":[50,116,207],"also":[51],"often":[52],"utilized":[53,77],"these":[55],"applications;":[56],"however,":[57],"cameras":[58],"provide":[59],"higher":[61],"spatial":[62,68],"resolution":[63],"color":[65],"information.":[66],"The":[67],"frequency":[69],"response":[70],"(SFR),":[71],"or":[72],"sharpness":[73],"camera,":[76],"must":[82],"be":[83],"sufficient":[84],"to":[85,90,143,162,193,223],"allow":[86],"algorithm":[89],"localize":[91],"objects":[92,206],"environment":[95],"over":[96,137,157],"its":[97],"lifetime":[98],"reliably.":[99],"This":[100],"study":[101],"explores":[102],"relationship":[104,175],"between":[105,176],"performance":[108,150,179],"SFR.":[110],"Six":[111],"state-of-the-art":[112],"models":[115,217],"evaluated":[117],"varying":[119],"levels":[120,220],"lens":[122,181,194,211,224],"defocus.":[123],"A":[124],"novel":[125],"raw":[126],"image":[127],"dataset":[128,154],"created":[130],"utilized,":[132],"containing":[133],"pedestrians":[134],"cars":[136],"range":[139,159],"distances":[141,161],"up":[142],"100m":[144],"sensor.":[147],"Object":[148],"each":[152,169],"defocused":[153],"analyzed":[156],"determine":[163],"minimum":[165],"SFR":[166],"necessary":[167],"case.":[170],"Results":[171],"show":[172],"that":[173,204],"blur":[182],"much":[184],"more":[185],"complex":[186],"than":[187],"previous":[188],"studies":[189],"have":[190,202,218],"found":[191,203],"due":[192],"field":[195],"curvature,":[196],"chromatic":[197],"aberration,":[198],"astigmatisms.":[200],"We":[201],"smaller":[205],"disproportionately":[208],"impacted":[209],"by":[210],"blur,":[212],"different":[214],"differing":[219],"robustness":[222],"blur.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-18T08:16:58.900851","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}