{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390421891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348170","title":"HyPHEN: A Hybrid Packing Method and Its Optimizations for Homomorphic Encryption-Based Neural Networks","display_name":"HyPHEN: A Hybrid Packing Method and Its Optimizations for Homomorphic Encryption-Based Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390421891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348170","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10376063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10376063.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075405418","display_name":"Donghwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3294-5744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donghwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069147425","display_name":"Jaiyoung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7072-6147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaiyoung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligence and Information, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligence and Information, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322020","display_name":"Jongmin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2937-3073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongmin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010154218","display_name":"Sangpyo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-6683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangpyo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligence and Information, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligence and Information, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078262826","display_name":"Jung Ho Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Ho Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075405418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.4935,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95756501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"3024","last_page":"3038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9617000222206116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8868277072906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7930087447166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6869800686836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6218809485435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.5399839878082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4603758454322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.44423606991767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.42348992824554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4196755886077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4081366956233978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3423168659210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32649117708206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31478363275527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.1773490309715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14319506287574768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8868277072906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7930087447166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6869800686836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6218809485435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.5399839878082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4603758454322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.44423606991767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.42348992824554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4196755886077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4081366956233978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3423168659210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32649117708206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31478363275527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.1773490309715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14319506287574768}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348170","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10376063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d0fcd4d2fa4b45098f04a02b13e8ca7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d0fcd4d2fa4b45098f04a02b13e8ca7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 3024-3038 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3348170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3348170","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10376063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G201308601","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00840","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3098371196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5065061179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5635159257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-01343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","funder_display_name":"Seoul National University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6880026784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00840","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7548364516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO201207-07812-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390421891.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390421891.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2585580772","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2924179447","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2954442424","https://openalex.org/W2973877675","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3012457899","https://openalex.org/W3013801589","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3033405216","https://openalex.org/W3062959591","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3102723029","https://openalex.org/W3104454153","https://openalex.org/W3108669911","https://openalex.org/W3109801878","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3137610633","https://openalex.org/W3158044478","https://openalex.org/W3165242465","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4226460675","https://openalex.org/W4230575913","https://openalex.org/W4239879808","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4315706064","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4360831824","https://openalex.org/W4361986437","https://openalex.org/W6677987929","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6732586565","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6757619422","https://openalex.org/W6767709616","https://openalex.org/W6776906142","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6795279134","https://openalex.org/W6796722767","https://openalex.org/W6811738851","https://openalex.org/W7009030419","https://openalex.org/W7067201269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120961607","https://openalex.org/W4401568740","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W2098207691","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W2947510282","https://openalex.org/W2363701519","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W2292786713","https://openalex.org/W3212491810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1,53],"network":[2,54],"(CNN)":[3],"inference":[4,14,147,161],"using":[5,59],"fully":[6],"homomorphic":[7,129],"encryption":[8],"(FHE)":[9],"is":[10],"a":[11,86,138,150],"promising":[12],"private":[13],"(PI)":[15],"solution":[16],"due":[17,71],"to":[18,30,72,111,118,149],"the":[19,26,31,35,48,73,121,125,142,163],"capability":[20],"of":[21,37,50,127,144],"FHE":[22],"that":[23,90],"enables":[24],"offloading":[25],"whole":[27],"computation":[28],"process":[29],"server":[32],"while":[33],"protecting":[34],"privacy":[36],"sensitive":[38],"user":[39],"data.":[40],"Prior":[41],"FHE-based":[42],"CNN":[43],"(HCNN)":[44],"work":[45],"has":[46],"demonstrated":[47],"feasibility":[49],"constructing":[51],"deep":[52,87],"architectures":[55],"such":[56,131],"as":[57,132],"ResNet":[58],"FHE.":[60],"Despite":[61],"these":[62,81],"advancements,":[63],"HCNN":[64,88,112,145,159],"still":[65],"faces":[66],"significant":[67],"challenges":[68],"in":[69],"practicality":[70],"high":[74],"computational":[75],"and":[76,96,104,107,124,135,157],"memory":[77,122],"overhead.":[78],"To":[79],"overcome":[80],"limitations,":[82],"we":[83],"present":[84],"HyPHEN,":[85],"construction":[89],"incorporates":[91],"novel":[92],"convolution":[93],"algorithms":[94],"(RAConv":[95],"CAConv),":[97],"data":[98],"packing":[99,103],"methods":[100],"(2D":[101],"gap":[102],"PRCR":[105],"scheme),":[106],"optimization":[108],"techniques":[109],"tailored":[110],"construction.":[113],"Such":[114],"enhancements":[115],"enable":[116],"HyPHEN":[117,140],"substantially":[119],"reduce":[120],"footprint":[123],"number":[126],"expensive":[128],"operations,":[130],"ciphertext":[133],"rotation":[134],"bootstrapping.":[136],"As":[137],"result,":[139],"brings":[141],"latency":[143],"CIFAR-10":[146],"down":[148],"practical":[151],"level":[152],"at":[153,166],"1.4":[154],"seconds":[155,168],"(ResNet-20)":[156],"demonstrates":[158],"ImageNet":[160],"for":[162],"first":[164],"time":[165],"14.7":[167],"(ResNet-18).":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2023-12-30T00:00:00"}
