{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390204183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3347502","title":"Secure Initial Access and Beam Alignment Using Deep Learning in 5G and Beyond Systems","display_name":"Secure Initial Access and Beam Alignment Using Deep Learning in 5G and Beyond Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390204183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3347502"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3347502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3347502","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10374116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10374116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046487334","display_name":"Utku \u00d6zmat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-3223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Utku Ozmat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Communications Research Group, Informatics Institute, Istanbul Technical University, &#x0130;stanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-3223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Communications Research Group, Informatics Institute, Istanbul Technical University, &#x0130;stanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066960337","display_name":"Mehmet Akif Yaz\u0131c\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-2329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Akif Yazici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Communications Research Group, Informatics Institute, Istanbul Technical University, &#x0130;stanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-2329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Communications Research Group, Informatics Institute, Istanbul Technical University, &#x0130;stanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068961280","display_name":"M.F. Demirkol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-0185"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Fatih Demirkol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prorize LLC, Marietta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-0185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prorize LLC, Marietta, GA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046487334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6165,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68693642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"46","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.738594114780426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6811922192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5348588228225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5102179050445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5088622570037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.47556108236312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-algorithm","display_name":"Selection algorithm","score":0.4490469694137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4429951012134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.43998560309410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4165796935558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.41596049070358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36462488770484924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30052340030670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16783112287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.165291428565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1065702736377716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.09832125902175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09754535555839539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09347155690193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08651652932167053}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.738594114780426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6811922192573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5348588228225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5102179050445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5088622570037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47556108236312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4490469694137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4429951012134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.43998560309410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4165796935558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41596049070358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36462488770484924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30052340030670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16783112287521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.165291428565979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1065702736377716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.09832125902175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09754535555839539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09347155690193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08651652932167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3347502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3347502","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10374116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae5f00488d3a4ea3b2909c2bfcb91828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae5f00488d3a4ea3b2909c2bfcb91828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 46-59 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:polen.itu.edu.tr:11527/35961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11527/35961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400460","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","host_organization_name":"Istanbul Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3347502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3347502","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10374116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390204183.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390204183.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1887369574","https://openalex.org/W2488123191","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2898104747","https://openalex.org/W2898434483","https://openalex.org/W2907860850","https://openalex.org/W2907862022","https://openalex.org/W2936867047","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2964113506","https://openalex.org/W3000759747","https://openalex.org/W3002415720","https://openalex.org/W3010855363","https://openalex.org/W3011676575","https://openalex.org/W3036327743","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3089982775","https://openalex.org/W3105281589","https://openalex.org/W3117793311","https://openalex.org/W3163036309","https://openalex.org/W3174904575","https://openalex.org/W3176877887","https://openalex.org/W3189132221","https://openalex.org/W3201219560","https://openalex.org/W3203349167","https://openalex.org/W4200632588","https://openalex.org/W4206671397","https://openalex.org/W4220794656","https://openalex.org/W4226110397","https://openalex.org/W4226381701","https://openalex.org/W4280533808","https://openalex.org/W4285047796","https://openalex.org/W4287155535","https://openalex.org/W4293057730","https://openalex.org/W4367315342","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6759127422","https://openalex.org/W6805384350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2359134391","https://openalex.org/W2947628004","https://openalex.org/W2594116857","https://openalex.org/W2935229758","https://openalex.org/W1993210935","https://openalex.org/W2358110016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"5G":[0],"and":[1,9,34,84,133,143,173],"beyond":[2],"networks":[3],"will":[4],"require":[5],"fast,":[6],"energy":[7,85],"efficient,":[8],"secure":[10,19,192],"initial":[11,20,65],"access.":[12],"In":[13,180],"this":[14],"study,":[15],"a":[16,32,35,57,71,96,104,121,135],"deep":[17],"learning-based":[18],"beam":[21,29,66,77,139,171,201],"selection":[22,67,202],"method":[23,186],"is":[24,68,90],"proposed":[25,88,185],"that":[26,52,154],"ranks":[27],"the":[28,41,44,49,53,64,75,110,125,147,155,169,176,184,199],"pairs":[30,140],"between":[31,141],"transmitter":[33,142],"legitimate":[36],"user":[37,45],"aiming":[38],"to":[39,80,190,198],"maximize":[40],"signal":[42,50,178],"strength":[43,51],"receives,":[46],"while":[47],"keeping":[48],"eavesdropper":[54],"sees":[55],"below":[56],"threshold.":[58],"Instead":[59],"of":[60,74,138,168,175,182],"an":[61],"exhaustive":[62],"search,":[63],"performed":[69],"over":[70],"limited":[72],"number":[73],"top":[76],"pairs,":[78],"leading":[79],"reduced":[81,160],"communication":[82],"overhead":[83,157],"consumption.":[86],"The":[87],"scheme":[89],"evaluated":[91],"using":[92],"data":[93,106],"obtained":[94],"from":[95],"real-life":[97],"mobile":[98],"network":[99,127],"topology":[100],"as":[101,103,131],"well":[102],"synthetic":[105],"set":[107],"based":[108,145],"on":[109,146],"same":[111],"geographical":[112],"site":[113],"but":[114],"with":[115,163],"statistical":[116],"system-level":[117],"environment":[118],"variables.":[119],"Utilizing":[120],"multi-layer":[122],"perceptron":[123],"model,":[124],"neural":[126],"takes":[128],"receiver":[129,144],"locations":[130],"input":[132],"produces":[134],"ranked":[136],"list":[137],"specified":[148],"coverage":[149,193],"criteria.":[150],"Numerical":[151],"results":[152],"show":[153],"signalling":[156],"can":[158],"be":[159],"by":[161,195],"75%":[162],"99.66%":[164],"accuracy":[165],"in":[166],"terms":[167,181],"best":[170],"pair,":[172],"99.89%":[174],"achievable":[177],"strength.":[179],"security,":[183],"has":[187],"been":[188],"shown":[189],"improve":[191],"probability":[194],"68.12%":[196],"compared":[197],"best-coverage":[200],"scenario.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
