{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390187287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346875","title":"Automatic Transportation Mode Classification Using a Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach With Smartphone Sensors","display_name":"Automatic Transportation Mode Classification Using a Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach With Smartphone Sensors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390187287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346875","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10373838.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10373838.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093576858","display_name":"Siavash Taherinavid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siavash Taherinavid","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104644977","display_name":"Seyed Vahid Moravvej","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6830-7347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170013655","display_name":"Isfahan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00af3sa43","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Vahid Moravvej","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170013655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670010","display_name":"Yen\u2010Lin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen-Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-9393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106484204","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0467-5984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068782746","display_name":"Chin Soon Ku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-3308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin Soon Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-3308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003091988","display_name":"Lip Yee Por","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-1533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Por Lip Yee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-1533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.6566,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99333643,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"514","last_page":"533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7440253496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7032971978187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6661359071731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6589901447296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5480688810348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.5151059031486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4439283609390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsensing","display_name":"Crowdsensing","score":0.4426880478858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.433120995759964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4109753668308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3255431652069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.18944859504699707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7440253496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7032971978187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6661359071731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6589901447296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5480688810348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.5151059031486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4439283609390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25381721","display_name":"Crowdsensing","level":2,"score":0.4426880478858948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.433120995759964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4109753668308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3255431652069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.18944859504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346875","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10373838.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:297ab8a3c47c4549932c42a64b95d8dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/297ab8a3c47c4549932c42a64b95d8dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 514-533 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346875","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10373838.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321398","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390187287.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390187287.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1897824230","https://openalex.org/W1993216154","https://openalex.org/W2009155608","https://openalex.org/W2020642377","https://openalex.org/W2022749020","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2069249448","https://openalex.org/W2080562691","https://openalex.org/W2097575504","https://openalex.org/W2101535084","https://openalex.org/W2105046342","https://openalex.org/W2108328714","https://openalex.org/W2108467170","https://openalex.org/W2136132422","https://openalex.org/W2143394441","https://openalex.org/W2145178363","https://openalex.org/W2150662023","https://openalex.org/W2156167000","https://openalex.org/W2170112669","https://openalex.org/W2192417683","https://openalex.org/W2538830880","https://openalex.org/W2607700698","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2898320034","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963103847","https://openalex.org/W3019253063","https://openalex.org/W3034328552","https://openalex.org/W3039572276","https://openalex.org/W3107621688","https://openalex.org/W3182330640","https://openalex.org/W3204060561","https://openalex.org/W3205920325","https://openalex.org/W4238076109","https://openalex.org/W4254077482","https://openalex.org/W4256049924","https://openalex.org/W4283729920","https://openalex.org/W4294811651","https://openalex.org/W4309355206","https://openalex.org/W4312644097","https://openalex.org/W4320058738","https://openalex.org/W4372272166","https://openalex.org/W4385191273","https://openalex.org/W4386382258","https://openalex.org/W6634833582","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6755692239","https://openalex.org/W6757592117","https://openalex.org/W6779893165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2563347706","https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W1985458517","https://openalex.org/W2355833770","https://openalex.org/W3031039437","https://openalex.org/W2608033733","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W3095877357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,139],"increasing":[1],"dependence":[2],"on":[3,126,156,198],"smartphones":[4],"with":[5,110,123],"advanced":[6],"sensors":[7],"has":[8],"highlighted":[9],"the":[10,31,40,46,87,119,127,165,173,183,199,229,247,259],"imperative":[11],"of":[12,42,76,94,130,167,207,221,226,231,249],"precise":[13],"transportation":[14,36,236,250],"mode":[15,37,237,251],"classification,":[16,38,252],"pivotal":[17],"for":[18,72,106,147,234,262],"domains":[19],"like":[20],"health":[21],"monitoring":[22],"and":[23,49,85,153,187,223,256],"urban":[24],"planning.":[25],"This":[26,176,240],"research":[27],"is":[28,145,164],"motivated":[29],"by":[30],"pressing":[32,260],"demand":[33],"to":[34,53],"enhance":[35],"leveraging":[39],"potential":[41,189],"smartphone":[43],"sensors,":[44],"notably":[45],"accelerometer,":[47],"magnetometer,":[48],"gyroscope.":[50],"In":[51],"response":[52],"this":[54],"challenge,":[55],"we":[56],"present":[57],"a":[58,91,111,121,135,168,192],"novel":[59],"automated":[60],"classification":[61,88,117,238,264],"model":[62,69,98],"rooted":[63],"in":[64,161,182,246,266],"deep":[65],"reinforcement":[66],"learning.":[67],"Our":[68,97],"stands":[70],"out":[71],"its":[73],"innovative":[74,244],"approach":[75,233],"harnessing":[77],"enhanced":[78,263],"features":[79],"through":[80,134],"artificial":[81],"neural":[82],"networks":[83],"(ANNs)":[84],"visualizing":[86],"task":[89],"as":[90],"structured":[92],"series":[93],"decision-making":[95],"events.":[96],"adopts":[99],"an":[100,219,224,243,267],"improved":[101],"differential":[102],"evolution":[103],"(DE)":[104],"algorithm":[105],"initializing":[107],"weights,":[108],"coupled":[109],"specialized":[112],"agent-environment":[113],"relationship.":[114],"Every":[115],"correct":[116],"earns":[118],"agent":[120],"reward,":[122],"additional":[124],"emphasis":[125],"accurate":[128],"categorization":[129],"less":[131],"frequent":[132],"modes":[133],"distinct":[136],"reward":[137],"strategy.":[138],"Upper":[140],"Confidence":[141],"Bound":[142],"(UCB)":[143],"technique":[144],"used":[146],"action":[148],"selection,":[149],"promoting":[150],"deep-seated":[151],"knowledge,":[152],"minimizing":[154],"reliance":[155],"chance.":[157],"A":[158],"notable":[159],"innovation":[160],"our":[162,232],"work":[163,241],"introduction":[166],"cluster-centric":[169],"mutation":[170],"operation":[171,177],"within":[172],"DE":[174,185],"algorithm.":[175],"strategically":[178],"identifies":[179],"optimal":[180],"clusters":[181],"current":[184],"population":[186],"forges":[188],"solutions":[190],"using":[191],"pioneering":[193],"update":[194],"mechanism.":[195],"When":[196],"assessed":[197],"extensive":[200],"HTC":[201],"dataset,":[202],"which":[203],"includes":[204],"8311":[205],"hours":[206],"data":[208],"gathered":[209],"from":[210],"224":[211],"participants":[212],"over":[213],"two":[214],"years.":[215],"Noteworthy":[216],"results":[217],"spotlight":[218],"accuracy":[220],"0.88\u00b10.03":[222],"F-measure":[225],"0.87\u00b10.02,":[227],"underscoring":[228],"efficacy":[230],"large-scale":[235],"tasks.":[239],"introduces":[242],"strategy":[245],"realm":[248],"emphasizing":[253],"both":[254],"precision":[255],"reliability,":[257],"addressing":[258],"need":[261],"mechanisms":[265],"ever-evolving":[268],"digital":[269],"landscape.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
