{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390096897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346327","title":"Improving Smart Grids Security: An Active Learning Approach for Smart Grid-Based Energy Theft Detection","display_name":"Improving Smart Grids Security: An Active Learning Approach for Smart Grid-Based Energy Theft Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390096897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10371277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10371277.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069383358","display_name":"Sidra Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0117-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidra Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0117-4390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088894441","display_name":"Imen Bouazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-2212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imen Bouazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-2212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057434297","display_name":"Stephen Ojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68812265","display_name":"Anderson University - South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/01gmrmd93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68812265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, SC, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Anderson, Anderson, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-621X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, SC, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Anderson, Anderson, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68812265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022474498","display_name":"Gabriel Avelino Sampedro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-4409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97002122","display_name":"University of the Philippines Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k27aj44","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I97002122"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Avelino Sampedro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Ba&#x00F1;os, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-4409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information and Communication Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Ba&#x00F1;os, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97002122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045221683","display_name":"Ahmad Almadhor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad S. Almadhor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071045096","display_name":"Abdullah Al Hejaili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-4723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Al Hejaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103050770","display_name":"Zuzana Stolicna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74788687","display_name":"Comenius University Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0587ef340","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuzana Stolicna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5995-2202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4422,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90001112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"1706","last_page":"1717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7798064947128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6896225214004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6672222018241882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.6236000657081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5684480667114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5515619516372681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4654102623462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.3854871690273285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14708450436592102}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7798064947128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6896225214004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6672222018241882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.6236000657081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5684480667114258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5515619516372681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4654102623462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3854871690273285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14708450436592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10371277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:feb130e4e2cd43f8b4e38bae35cad41f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/feb130e4e2cd43f8b4e38bae35cad41f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 1706-1717 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3346327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3346327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10371277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3032790980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP2/470/44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F33954902","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4087113380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP2/470/44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F33954902","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390096897.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390096897.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964303812","https://openalex.org/W1973309971","https://openalex.org/W1984419556","https://openalex.org/W2108558074","https://openalex.org/W2159574904","https://openalex.org/W2411244218","https://openalex.org/W2789012589","https://openalex.org/W2963820453","https://openalex.org/W2968807154","https://openalex.org/W2970050312","https://openalex.org/W2980178428","https://openalex.org/W2981055144","https://openalex.org/W2986695036","https://openalex.org/W3005548505","https://openalex.org/W3022246579","https://openalex.org/W3037931488","https://openalex.org/W3097369108","https://openalex.org/W3201079611","https://openalex.org/W3215443493","https://openalex.org/W4280619761","https://openalex.org/W4309145873","https://openalex.org/W4317892893","https://openalex.org/W4322761231","https://openalex.org/W4360770698","https://openalex.org/W4379983364","https://openalex.org/W4391296971","https://openalex.org/W6861203507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W4386690025","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0,19,107],"providers":[1],"and":[2,16,27,42,85,122,129,158,181,195,200,227,230],"the":[3,34,97,105,127,166,173,217,221],"power":[4,25,37,54],"grid":[5,49,191],"are":[6],"severely":[7],"harmed":[8],"by":[9,39,202],"electricity":[10],"theft,":[11],"which":[12],"also":[13],"causes":[14,21],"economic":[15],"non-technical":[17],"losses.":[18],"theft":[20,38,83,170,225],"a":[22,63,88,102],"decline":[23],"in":[24,213],"quality":[26],"overall":[28],"profitability.":[29],"Smart":[30],"grids":[31],"may":[32],"address":[33],"problem":[35],"of":[36,47,66,87,185,189,210,223],"merging":[40],"data":[41,50,128],"energy":[43,68,82,112,169,224],"flow.":[44],"The":[45,56,91,187,208],"analysis":[46],"smart":[48,89,167,190],"helps":[51],"to":[52,219],"find":[53],"theft.":[55,69],"prior":[57],"methods,":[58],"however,":[59],"could":[60],"have":[61],"done":[62],"better":[64],"job":[65],"identifying":[67],"In":[70],"this":[71,211,214],"research,":[72],"we":[73,125],"presented":[74],"an":[75,111,183],"active":[76],"learning-based":[77],"machine":[78,131,206],"learning":[79,132],"model":[80,176],"for":[81],"identification":[84],"classification":[86],"grid.":[90],"suggested":[92],"approach":[93],"is":[94],"based":[95,138],"on":[96],"following":[98],"steps.":[99],"We":[100],"use":[101],"dataset":[103],"from":[104,118],"Open":[106],"Data":[108],"Initiative":[109],"(OEDI),":[110],"research":[113],"database":[114],"that":[115],"gets":[116],"information":[117],"numerous":[119],"OEDI":[120],"offices":[121],"labs.":[123],"Next,":[124],"pre-process":[126],"employ":[130],"methods":[133],"like":[134],"Active":[135],"Learning":[136],"(AL)":[137],"Random":[139],"Forests":[140],"(RFAL),":[141],"eXtreme":[142],"Gradient":[143,149,160],"Boosting":[144,150,156,161],"(XGboostAL),":[145],"Decision":[146],"Tree":[147],"(DTAL),":[148],"(GBAL),":[151],"K-Nearest":[152],"Neighbors":[153],"(KNNAL),":[154],"Categorical":[155],"(CatboostAL)":[157],"Light":[159],"Machine":[162],"(LGBMAL)":[163],"classifier.":[164],"Using":[165],"grid-based":[168],"detection":[171,226],"dataset,":[172],"proposed":[174],"RFAL":[175],"outperforms":[177],"other":[178],"competing":[179],"models":[180],"obtains":[182],"accuracy":[184,222],"70.61%.":[186],"principles":[188],"tasks":[192],"streamline":[193],"decisions":[194],"enhance":[196,220],"interaction":[197],"between":[198],"humans":[199],"machines":[201],"combining":[203],"AL":[204],"with":[205],"learning.":[207],"application":[209],"technology":[212],"area":[215],"has":[216],"potential":[218],"electricity-related":[228],"problems":[229],"consequences.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
