{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389890974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344032","title":"A Comparative Assessment of Unsupervised Keyword Extraction Tools","display_name":"A Comparative Assessment of Unsupervised Keyword Extraction Tools","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389890974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3344032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10363189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10363189.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037315126","display_name":"Mohammad Nadim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-5178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76756774","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Central Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/015hh0z25","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76756774"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Nadim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity Innovation, Texas A&#x0026;M University-Central Texas, Killeen, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-5178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity Innovation, Texas A&#x0026;M University-Central Texas, Killeen, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76756774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072524717","display_name":"David Akopian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5977-9969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Akopian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5977-9969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077172673","display_name":"Adolfo Matamoros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-7764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adolfo Matamoros","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-7764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.807,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94442313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"144778","last_page":"144798"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8847149610519409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-extraction","display_name":"Keyword extraction","score":0.8628014922142029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5849884152412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.559419572353363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48065221309661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.47128596901893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4658172130584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.44917744398117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4296976327896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.41399645805358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3603256940841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3386685252189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32864663004875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.08707526326179504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8847149610519409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780288562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25053353","display_name":"Keyword extraction","level":2,"score":0.8628014922142029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5849884152412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.559419572353363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48065221309661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.47128596901893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4658172130584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.44917744398117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4296976327896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.41399645805358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3603256940841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3386685252189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32864663004875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.08707526326179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3344032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10363189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:098dacc8d2e34f6c976e9eb7f8ca0b5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/098dacc8d2e34f6c976e9eb7f8ca0b5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 144778-144798 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3344032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10363189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310677","display_name":"University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389890974.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389890974.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133296","https://openalex.org/W121761804","https://openalex.org/W1490343430","https://openalex.org/W1528825546","https://openalex.org/W1600284338","https://openalex.org/W1852422273","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1971947061","https://openalex.org/W1978394996","https://openalex.org/W1983873791","https://openalex.org/W2029729099","https://openalex.org/W2030903088","https://openalex.org/W2034022306","https://openalex.org/W2034721576","https://openalex.org/W2043004216","https://openalex.org/W2060772621","https://openalex.org/W2062233052","https://openalex.org/W2064418625","https://openalex.org/W2088795315","https://openalex.org/W2097385711","https://openalex.org/W2103479483","https://openalex.org/W2109244020","https://openalex.org/W2115023510","https://openalex.org/W2133286915","https://openalex.org/W2136075087","https://openalex.org/W2167329753","https://openalex.org/W2271632607","https://openalex.org/W2400193661","https://openalex.org/W2518294942","https://openalex.org/W2568273639","https://openalex.org/W2609137535","https://openalex.org/W2740811004","https://openalex.org/W2765729857","https://openalex.org/W2790109590","https://openalex.org/W2792059528","https://openalex.org/W2809081551","https://openalex.org/W2887121766","https://openalex.org/W2943765965","https://openalex.org/W2962724453","https://openalex.org/W2962903510","https://openalex.org/W2963245897","https://openalex.org/W2963437181","https://openalex.org/W2964656262","https://openalex.org/W2973226110","https://openalex.org/W2974528752","https://openalex.org/W2985875790","https://openalex.org/W2992548114","https://openalex.org/W3046517428","https://openalex.org/W3102838711","https://openalex.org/W3153904578","https://openalex.org/W3159619126","https://openalex.org/W3174016789","https://openalex.org/W3199873128","https://openalex.org/W3213075434","https://openalex.org/W4226257089","https://openalex.org/W4237791300","https://openalex.org/W4248875918","https://openalex.org/W4284679524","https://openalex.org/W4286911901","https://openalex.org/W4304190326","https://openalex.org/W4308478741","https://openalex.org/W4316813084","https://openalex.org/W4389524544","https://openalex.org/W6607321472","https://openalex.org/W6631501603","https://openalex.org/W6631793906","https://openalex.org/W6636001973","https://openalex.org/W6638931011","https://openalex.org/W6679051890","https://openalex.org/W6680526941","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6683645056","https://openalex.org/W6683944584","https://openalex.org/W6684660662","https://openalex.org/W6691589119","https://openalex.org/W6691640376","https://openalex.org/W6694046079","https://openalex.org/W6728825873","https://openalex.org/W6737130500","https://openalex.org/W6794285142","https://openalex.org/W6804007805","https://openalex.org/W6841055737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W2054026175","https://openalex.org/W4283768689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,96,158],"extraction":[1,43,82,127,142,238,251],"of":[2,24,41,54,65,98,104,109,124,138,150,165,217,224,236],"keywords":[3],"is":[4,221],"a":[5,21,46,121,135,148],"critical":[6],"task":[7,48],"in":[8,20,90,130,163,247],"natural":[9],"language":[10],"processing":[11],"and":[12,29,34,57,68,93,101,153,185,203],"information":[13],"retrieval.":[14],"It":[15],"has":[16],"become":[17],"increasingly":[18],"important":[19],"wide":[22],"range":[23,53,149],"applications,":[25],"from":[26],"search":[27],"engines":[28],"e-commerce":[30],"platforms":[31],"to":[32,50,84,196,243],"news":[33],"social":[35],"media":[36],"analysis.":[37],"However,":[38],"the":[39,51,63,66,77,86,110,117,181,188,218,229,234,245],"evaluation":[40,99,137],"keyword":[42,81,91,126,141,237,250],"methods":[44,83],"remains":[45],"challenging":[47],"due":[49],"diverse":[52],"data":[55,151],"types":[56,152],"contexts":[58],"used,":[59],"as":[60,62,211,215],"well":[61,198,207],"complexity":[64],"methodologies":[67],"techniques":[69,100],"involved.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72,74,114,131,225],"regard,":[73],"study":[75,115],"reviews":[76],"prior":[78],"surveys":[79],"on":[80,199,208],"comprehend":[85],"fundamental":[87],"principles,":[88],"difficulties":[89],"extraction,":[92],"benchmark":[94],"datasets.":[95],"reliability":[97],"an":[102],"examination":[103],"their":[105,145],"flaws":[106],"remain":[107],"two":[108],"largest":[111],"problems.":[112],"Hence,":[113],"includes":[116],"literature":[118],"that":[119,232],"performed":[120],"comparative":[122,136],"analysis":[123,160,241],"popular":[125],"methods.":[128],"Furthermore,":[129],"paper,":[132],"we":[133],"present":[134],"open-source":[139],"unsupervised":[140],"tools,":[143,239],"analyzing":[144],"performance":[146,235],"across":[147],"under":[154],"different":[155,172,254],"testing":[156],"conditions.":[157],"experimental":[159],"shows":[161],"that,":[162],"terms":[164],"f-score,":[166],"KPminer":[167],"performs":[168],"most":[169],"consistently":[170],"for":[171,253],"text":[173,210],"lengths":[174],"while":[175],"KeyBERT(mmr)":[176],"outperforms":[177],"other":[178],"tools.":[179,190],"Considering":[180],"execution":[182],"time,":[183],"RAKE":[184],"YAKE":[186],"are":[187],"fastest":[189],"Though":[191],"graph-based":[192],"tools":[193,252],"tend":[194],"not":[195],"perform":[197,205],"long":[200,209],"text,":[201],"TopicRank":[202],"MultipartiteRank":[204],"very":[206],"they":[212],"use":[213],"topics":[214],"nodes":[216],"graph,":[219],"which":[220],"another":[222],"finding":[223],"study.":[226],"By":[227],"highlighting":[228],"key":[230],"factors":[231],"influence":[233],"our":[240],"contributes":[242],"directing":[244],"reader":[246],"selecting":[248],"suitable":[249],"applications.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
