{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390119942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344029","title":"Exploring Deep Federated Learning for the Internet of Things: A GDPR-Compliant Architecture","display_name":"Exploring Deep Federated Learning for the Internet of Things: A GDPR-Compliant Architecture","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390119942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3344029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344029","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10372586.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10372586.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103086248","display_name":"Zahra Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0323-3218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0323-3218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002009619","display_name":"Sunila Fatima Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3631-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunila Fatima Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3631-9868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026138360","display_name":"Madiha Haider Syed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-3554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madiha Haider Syed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-3554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062778007","display_name":"Adeel Anjum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-0019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeel Anjum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058712739","display_name":"Semeen Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-0949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Semeen Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Technology, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-0949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Technology, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103086248"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.8646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92709898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"10548","last_page":"10574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7921006083488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6919569373130798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6074485182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.47653302550315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46998870372772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.42423564195632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41988256573677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.4113512635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40764105319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3978308141231537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3112732768058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15207737684249878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7921006083488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6919569373130798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6074485182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.47653302550315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46998870372772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.42423564195632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41988256573677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.4113512635231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40764105319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3978308141231537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3112732768058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15207737684249878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3344029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344029","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10372586.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d6b2479a05d43558b06198f71d489bd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d6b2479a05d43558b06198f71d489bd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 10548-10574 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3344029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3344029","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10372586.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335937","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien Bibliothek","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390119942.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390119942.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2336417593","https://openalex.org/W2346577419","https://openalex.org/W2529546255","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2767613317","https://openalex.org/W2889815322","https://openalex.org/W2903890850","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2954124071","https://openalex.org/W2963739929","https://openalex.org/W2970606380","https://openalex.org/W2980369520","https://openalex.org/W2994684563","https://openalex.org/W2998045710","https://openalex.org/W2999351157","https://openalex.org/W2999469653","https://openalex.org/W3006360344","https://openalex.org/W3016621379","https://openalex.org/W3018464563","https://openalex.org/W3022244822","https://openalex.org/W3027472889","https://openalex.org/W3027586803","https://openalex.org/W3036376900","https://openalex.org/W3049064186","https://openalex.org/W3049637327","https://openalex.org/W3086579950","https://openalex.org/W3094484561","https://openalex.org/W3094736543","https://openalex.org/W3103245149","https://openalex.org/W3113944153","https://openalex.org/W3119097278","https://openalex.org/W3128304793","https://openalex.org/W3131394593","https://openalex.org/W3136021864","https://openalex.org/W3147359051","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3156032009","https://openalex.org/W3159080474","https://openalex.org/W3163434737","https://openalex.org/W3163893137","https://openalex.org/W3185153723","https://openalex.org/W3185987447","https://openalex.org/W3191209831","https://openalex.org/W3191869388","https://openalex.org/W3193881593","https://openalex.org/W3201647018","https://openalex.org/W3202645507","https://openalex.org/W3203932036","https://openalex.org/W3204617907","https://openalex.org/W3207378505","https://openalex.org/W3209651137","https://openalex.org/W3215007906","https://openalex.org/W3215014114","https://openalex.org/W4200232934","https://openalex.org/W4200502565","https://openalex.org/W4200529500","https://openalex.org/W4205428726","https://openalex.org/W4205502890","https://openalex.org/W4205944484","https://openalex.org/W4206320562","https://openalex.org/W4210422511","https://openalex.org/W4213191612","https://openalex.org/W4220719396","https://openalex.org/W4220750123","https://openalex.org/W4220889065","https://openalex.org/W4221061627","https://openalex.org/W4223432156","https://openalex.org/W4225563647","https://openalex.org/W4226375232","https://openalex.org/W4280649430","https://openalex.org/W4281294363","https://openalex.org/W4283215419","https://openalex.org/W4283319056","https://openalex.org/W4283383136","https://openalex.org/W4283593412","https://openalex.org/W4285127639","https://openalex.org/W4285813692","https://openalex.org/W4287255569","https://openalex.org/W4287322212","https://openalex.org/W4294811472","https://openalex.org/W4295035256","https://openalex.org/W4295789151","https://openalex.org/W4297095241","https://openalex.org/W4297464455","https://openalex.org/W4297687186","https://openalex.org/W4304731189","https://openalex.org/W4306812176","https://openalex.org/W4308087304","https://openalex.org/W4309049997","https://openalex.org/W4309080560","https://openalex.org/W4309293762","https://openalex.org/W4309724303","https://openalex.org/W4310007276","https://openalex.org/W4310808607","https://openalex.org/W4310969328","https://openalex.org/W4312156850","https://openalex.org/W4312338959","https://openalex.org/W4312558220","https://openalex.org/W4312678716","https://openalex.org/W4312974966","https://openalex.org/W4312981438","https://openalex.org/W4316076876","https://openalex.org/W4317952770","https://openalex.org/W4323065874","https://openalex.org/W4324031745","https://openalex.org/W4328051684","https://openalex.org/W4362725516","https://openalex.org/W4367310870","https://openalex.org/W4381734535","https://openalex.org/W4384518177","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6746247525","https://openalex.org/W6771652451","https://openalex.org/W6782049764","https://openalex.org/W6784336702","https://openalex.org/W6784816817","https://openalex.org/W6788603650","https://openalex.org/W6791975142","https://openalex.org/W6846819678","https://openalex.org/W6852096494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3031181660","https://openalex.org/W4375867731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,13,49,65,92,105,139],"emergence":[2],"of":[3,15,21,51,81,91,94,107],"intelligent":[4],"services":[5,99],"and":[6,36,42,71,83,100,109,114,142],"applications":[7],"powered":[8],"by":[9,87,116],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"(AI),":[12],"Internet":[14],"Things":[16],"(IoT)":[17],"affects":[18],"many":[19],"aspects":[20],"our":[22],"daily":[23],"lives.":[24],"Traditional":[25],"approaches":[26],"to":[27,111],"machine":[28,120],"learning":[29],"(ML)":[30],"relied":[31],"on":[32,61],"centralized":[33,68],"data":[34,39,69],"collection":[35],"processing,":[37],"where":[38],"was":[40],"collected":[41],"analyzed":[43],"in":[44,96,119,149],"one":[45],"place.":[46],"However,":[47],"with":[48],"development":[50],"Deep":[52],"Federated":[53],"Learning":[54],"(DFL),":[55],"models":[56],"can":[57],"now":[58],"be":[59],"trained":[60],"decentralized":[62],"data,":[63],"reducing":[64],"need":[66],"for":[67,131,147],"storage":[70],"processing.":[72],"In":[73,124],"this":[74],"work,":[75],"we":[76,126,137],"provide":[77],"a":[78,128,132],"detailed":[79],"analysis":[80],"DFL":[82,95,108,148],"its":[84],"benefits,":[85],"followed":[86],"an":[88],"extensive":[89],"survey":[90],"use":[93],"various":[97],"IoT":[98,122],"applications.":[101],"We":[102],"have":[103],"studied":[104],"impact":[106],"how":[110],"preserve":[112],"security":[113],"privacy":[115],"ensuring":[117],"compliance":[118],"learning-enabled":[121],"systems.":[123],"addition,":[125],"present":[127],"generic":[129],"architecture":[130],"GDPR-compliant":[133],"DFL-based":[134],"framework.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"discuss":[138],"existing":[140],"obstacles":[141],"possible":[143],"future":[144],"research":[145],"directions":[146],"IoT.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
