{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389921243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343910","title":"Synthetic SAR Data Generator Using Pix2pix cGAN Architecture for Automatic Target Recognition","display_name":"Synthetic SAR Data Generator Using Pix2pix cGAN Architecture for Automatic Target Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389921243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343910","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10363188.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10363188.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018649798","display_name":"Gustavo F. Araujo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1115-5097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo F. Araujo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), São José dos Campos, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1115-5097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009676558","display_name":"Renato Assis Machado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-3662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107428990","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aeron\u00e1utica","ror":"https://ror.org/05vh67662","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Machado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), São José dos Campos, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107428990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040572053","display_name":"Mats I. Pettersson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-312X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52719799","display_name":"Blekinge Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0093a8w51","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mats I. Pettersson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), Karlskrona, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-312X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), Karlskrona, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52719799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1774,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1913},"fwci":10.8066,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9773746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"143369","last_page":"143386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8265446424484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7424942851066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.648681104183197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.588642954826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5756301879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.5495426654815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39157339930534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3568311333656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07229870557785034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.8265446424484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7424942851066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.648681104183197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.588642954826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5756301879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.5495426654815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39157339930534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3568311333656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07229870557785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343910","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10363188.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:bth-25862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-25862","pdf_url":"https://bth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1824345/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da25450afc904ca6a7225001f5513483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da25450afc904ca6a7225001f5513483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 143369-143386 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343910","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10363188.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1842668522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020/09838-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2194796483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020/09838","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2802707720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Finance Code 001 (Pro-Defesa IV)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2926764007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020/09838-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321992","display_name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","ror":"https://ror.org/050zdnc69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330095","display_name":"Saab","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389921243.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389921243.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2111847198","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2501210789","https://openalex.org/W2521772843","https://openalex.org/W2614504311","https://openalex.org/W2800255161","https://openalex.org/W2883102714","https://openalex.org/W2894544606","https://openalex.org/W2901339722","https://openalex.org/W2902964351","https://openalex.org/W2914965007","https://openalex.org/W2919088249","https://openalex.org/W2944003962","https://openalex.org/W2945014618","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2981395580","https://openalex.org/W2986104933","https://openalex.org/W2999632917","https://openalex.org/W3007629215","https://openalex.org/W3011618775","https://openalex.org/W3012965216","https://openalex.org/W3022896650","https://openalex.org/W3096643492","https://openalex.org/W3103407980","https://openalex.org/W3109762487","https://openalex.org/W3127457833","https://openalex.org/W3133055846","https://openalex.org/W3133310354","https://openalex.org/W3133339891","https://openalex.org/W3135310702","https://openalex.org/W3145211975","https://openalex.org/W3147447086","https://openalex.org/W3150078409","https://openalex.org/W3169150642","https://openalex.org/W3189052839","https://openalex.org/W3192544980","https://openalex.org/W3198340997","https://openalex.org/W3207907352","https://openalex.org/W3209551844","https://openalex.org/W4200147790","https://openalex.org/W4200527467","https://openalex.org/W4211083893","https://openalex.org/W4312241433","https://openalex.org/W4381745380","https://openalex.org/W6685352114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068843146","https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2462749609","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W4252699458","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2945014618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"Aperture":[1],"Radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"technology":[4],"has":[5],"unique":[6],"advantages":[7],"but":[8],"faces":[9],"challenges":[10],"in":[11,113,142],"obtaining":[12],"enough":[13],"data":[14,27,81,97,121],"for":[15,82,123],"noncooperative":[16,119],"target":[17],"classes.":[18],"We":[19],"propose":[20],"a":[21,29,70,129],"method":[22,112],"to":[23,42,56,73,100,132],"generate":[24],"synthetic":[25,44,80,96,135],"SAR":[26,45,60,120,136],"using":[28],"modified":[30],"pix2pix":[31],"Conditional":[32],"Generative":[33],"Adversarial":[34],"Networks":[35],"(cGAN)":[36],"architecture.":[37],"The":[38,67,87],"cGAN":[39],"is":[40,98],"trained":[41],"create":[43],"images":[46],"with":[47,95,103],"specific":[48],"azimuth":[49],"and":[50,64],"elevation":[51],"angles,":[52],"demonstrating":[53],"its":[54],"capability":[55],"closely":[57],"mimic":[58],"authentic":[59],"imagery":[61],"through":[62],"convergence":[63],"collapsing":[65],"analyses.":[66],"study":[68],"uses":[69],"model-based":[71],"algorithm":[72],"assess":[74],"the":[75,78,91,107,110,115],"practicality":[76],"of":[77,109],"generated":[79],"Automatic":[83],"Target":[84],"Recognition":[85],"(ATR).":[86],"results":[88],"reveal":[89],"that":[90,101],"classification":[92],"accuracy":[93],"achieved":[94],"comparable":[99],"attained":[102],"original":[104],"data,":[105,137],"highlighting":[106],"effectiveness":[108],"proposed":[111],"mitigating":[114],"limitations":[116],"imposed":[117],"by":[118],"scarcity":[122],"ATR.":[124],"This":[125],"innovative":[126],"approach":[127],"offers":[128],"promising":[130],"solution":[131],"craft":[133],"customized":[134],"ultimately":[138],"enhancing":[139],"ATR":[140],"performance":[141],"remote":[143],"sensing.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}