{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389776455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343419","title":"Multi-Scale Infrared Military Target Detection Based on 3X-FPN Feature Fusion Network","display_name":"Multi-Scale Infrared Military Target Detection Based on 3X-FPN Feature Fusion Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389776455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343419","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10360815.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10360815.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055716987","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-7280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198091727","display_name":"Tiangong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsr9m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121541","display_name":"Tianjin Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/025mpfp07","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016398711","display_name":"Yuhong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2727-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198091727","display_name":"Tiangong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsr9m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121541","display_name":"Tianjin Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/025mpfp07","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2727-0564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046761172","display_name":"Shuaijie Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6399-3064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198091727","display_name":"Tiangong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsr9m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121541","display_name":"Tianjin Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/025mpfp07","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaijie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029216845","display_name":"Lian Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8824-7910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198091727","display_name":"Tiangong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsr9m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121541","display_name":"Tianjin Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/025mpfp07","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121541"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055716987"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727","https://openalex.org/I4210121541"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":17.4039,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98837096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"141585","last_page":"141597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7124080657958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5355185270309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5061120390892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4913114607334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4754176735877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.47284868359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4560636281967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4517310857772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4299643337726593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42932188510894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.42852553725242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.42222797870635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.30626723170280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08044680953025818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124080657958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5355185270309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5061120390892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4913114607334137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4754176735877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.47284868359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4560636281967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4517310857772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4299643337726593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42932188510894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42852553725242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.42222797870635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.30626723170280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08044680953025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343419","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10360815.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76f2ac5e27504b7fa2c1aa6c45154d6d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76f2ac5e27504b7fa2c1aa6c45154d6d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 141585-141597 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3343419","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10360815.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8888649780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22YFYSHZ00040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","funder_display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389776455.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389776455.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377455797","https://openalex.org/W2919011445","https://openalex.org/W2964444661","https://openalex.org/W2990647911","https://openalex.org/W3125738281","https://openalex.org/W3139015554","https://openalex.org/W3171142552","https://openalex.org/W3176459587","https://openalex.org/W3178235204","https://openalex.org/W3202435379","https://openalex.org/W3206023204","https://openalex.org/W3206292509","https://openalex.org/W4206526587","https://openalex.org/W4210666651","https://openalex.org/W4214946770","https://openalex.org/W4283317983","https://openalex.org/W4285178232","https://openalex.org/W4304606344","https://openalex.org/W4306916604","https://openalex.org/W4307136298","https://openalex.org/W4307170964","https://openalex.org/W4311001968","https://openalex.org/W4368351250","https://openalex.org/W4376628846","https://openalex.org/W4379982901","https://openalex.org/W4381951663","https://openalex.org/W4383621223","https://openalex.org/W4385224311","https://openalex.org/W4387824330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099421762","https://openalex.org/W2530546662","https://openalex.org/W4387838477","https://openalex.org/W2967030268","https://openalex.org/W2185253430","https://openalex.org/W4210345652","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"solve":[1],"the":[2,27,44,53,67,76,84,93,98,109,124,138,142,149,153,190,196],"problems":[3],"of":[4,8,29,89,130,178],"misdetection":[5],"and":[6,12,75,86,105,112,158,194,201],"omission":[7],"infrared":[9,49],"military":[10,50,133],"targets":[11],"poor":[13],"detection":[14,46,95,100,143,161,192],"effect":[15],"in":[16],"battlefield":[17],"environments,":[18],"an":[19],"improved":[20,139,169],"YOLOv4":[21],"algorithm":[22,140,170,193],"is":[23,40,58,73,103,120,163],"proposed":[24],"to":[25,42,60,82,91,107,122,165],"improve":[26,92,108],"accuracy":[28,144],"long-range":[30],"target":[31,94,134,160,182],"detection.":[32],"First,":[33],"a":[34,172],"new":[35],"4th-scale":[36],"feature":[37,62,69],"extraction":[38],"layer":[39,56],"introduced":[41,59],"enhance":[43],"multi-scale":[45,99],"sensitivity":[47],"for":[48,180],"targets.":[51],"Second,":[52],"TL":[54],"intermediate":[55],"channel":[57],"realize":[61,83,123],"fusion":[63,70,88],"across":[64],"gradient":[65],"connections,":[66],"3X-FPN":[68],"network":[71,78],"structure":[72,119],"proposed,":[74],"adaptive":[77],"parameters":[79],"are":[80],"adopted":[81,121],"weighted":[85],"balanced":[87],"data":[90,199],"accuracy.":[96],"Finally,":[97],"loss":[101],"function":[102],"established":[104],"optimized":[106],"model":[110,154],"stability":[111],"convergence":[113],"effect.":[114],"The":[115,127,168],"depth":[116],"separable":[117],"convolution":[118],"model\u2019s":[125],"lightweight.":[126],"experimental":[128],"results":[129],"vehicle":[131],"class":[132],"ablation":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"increases":[141],"by":[145,156,186],"9.85%":[146],"compared":[147,188],"with":[148,189],"original":[150],"algorithm,":[151],"reduces":[152],"volume":[155],"36%,":[157],"its":[159],"distance":[162],"up":[164],"2000":[166],"m.":[167],"achieves":[171],"mean":[173],"average":[174],"precision":[175],"(mAP)":[176],"value":[177],"93.25%":[179],"multi-military":[181],"detection,":[183],"which":[184],"improves":[185],"12.42%":[187],"mainstream":[191],"meets":[195],"current":[197],"combat":[198],"acquisition":[200],"processing":[202],"requirements.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}