{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389474125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341354","title":"A Novel System for Ocular Surface Temperature Measurement and Tracking","display_name":"A Novel System for Ocular Surface Temperature Measurement and Tracking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389474125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3341354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341354","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352158.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352158.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102894181","display_name":"Ehsan Zare Bidaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-0166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Zare Bidaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-0166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102920751","display_name":"Alexander Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-5899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-5899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078744610","display_name":"Paul J. Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0041-4671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul J. Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0041-4671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102894181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8478,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76432177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"140893","last_page":"140899"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10563","display_name":"Corneal surgery and disorders","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.8191120028495789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8168529272079468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.738876461982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6734545230865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6636491417884827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.580915629863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5789271593093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.45926961302757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4396500885486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4143785238265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.41291502118110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1763305962085724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.1304280161857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07845520973205566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.8191120028495789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8168529272079468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.738876461982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6734545230865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6636491417884827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.580915629863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5789271593093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.45926961302757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4396500885486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4143785238265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.41291502118110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1763305962085724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.1304280161857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07845520973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3341354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341354","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352158.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c20ff28a20384a41976ef41f062622e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c20ff28a20384a41976ef41f062622e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 140893-140899 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3341354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341354","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352158.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G642405767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSERC-RGPIN-2016-04225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389474125.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389474125.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131869594","https://openalex.org/W641509712","https://openalex.org/W994663353","https://openalex.org/W1541621631","https://openalex.org/W1556564593","https://openalex.org/W1976694672","https://openalex.org/W1977132475","https://openalex.org/W1991185185","https://openalex.org/W1999621311","https://openalex.org/W2000101657","https://openalex.org/W2024119736","https://openalex.org/W2025227400","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2049285582","https://openalex.org/W2061731498","https://openalex.org/W2072962646","https://openalex.org/W2075673601","https://openalex.org/W2112860240","https://openalex.org/W2125147181","https://openalex.org/W2138885098","https://openalex.org/W2410991677","https://openalex.org/W2424709004","https://openalex.org/W2468929692","https://openalex.org/W2475356722","https://openalex.org/W2564383885","https://openalex.org/W2596391620","https://openalex.org/W2627026719","https://openalex.org/W2738690658","https://openalex.org/W2792089474","https://openalex.org/W3132541355","https://openalex.org/W3189068355","https://openalex.org/W3198060847","https://openalex.org/W4226439086","https://openalex.org/W4255936506","https://openalex.org/W6630361287","https://openalex.org/W6677548441","https://openalex.org/W6720343724","https://openalex.org/W6737098555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W2791431590","https://openalex.org/W2941610985","https://openalex.org/W4235810826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ocular":[0],"surface":[1,219],"temperature":[2,220,241],"(OST)":[3],"is":[4,227],"affected":[5],"by":[6,12],"changes":[7],"in":[8,179],"eye":[9,28,38,90,218],"physiology":[10],"caused":[11],"normal":[13],"homeostasis,":[14],"environmental":[15],"changes,":[16],"or":[17],"systemic":[18],"and":[19,33,50,57,75,84,124,157,183,216,236,239,264],"local":[20],"disease.":[21],"OST":[22,59,266],"can":[23,257],"help":[24],"a":[25,43,76,260],"physician":[26],"diagnose":[27],"disease":[29],"with":[30],"improved":[31],"accuracy":[32,208],"provide":[34],"useful":[35],"information":[36],"for":[37,94,149,160,168,214,262],"research.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"presents":[42],"novel":[44,47,51],"system,":[45],"including":[46],"hardware":[48],"design":[49],"algorithms,":[52],"capable":[53],"of":[54,66,108,120,144,153,162,202,209,243,249],"automatically":[55],"measuring":[56,215,263],"tracking":[58,152,161,217,265],"from":[60,88],"the":[61,89,117,131,154,163,180,186,190,207,231,244,247,255],"cornea":[62,232,245],"over":[63,126,199,221,246,267],"any":[64],"period":[65,248],"time.":[67,268],"The":[68,92,111,174,225],"system":[69,213,226,256],"uses":[70],"an":[71],"infrared":[72],"(IR)":[73],"camera":[74,79,96],"visible":[77,85],"(VIS)":[78],"to":[80,229],"capture":[81],"synchronous":[82],"thermal":[83],"videos,":[86],"respectively,":[87],"surface.":[91],"frames":[93,123,129],"each":[95],"video":[97,156],"sequence":[98],"are":[99,113],"then":[100],"registered":[101],"together":[102],"(video":[103],"registration)":[104],"using":[105,130,189],"two":[106],"sets":[107],"control":[109],"points.":[110],"points":[112],"manually":[114],"selected":[115],"on":[116,185,233],"first":[118],"pair":[119],"timestamped":[121],"IR/VIS":[122],"tracked":[125],"all":[127],"subsequent":[128],"Lucas\u2013Kanade":[132],"(LK)":[133],"optical":[134],"flow":[135],"algorithm":[136],"(point":[137],"tracking).":[138],"A":[139,196,212],"mean":[140,197],"square":[141],"error":[142],"(MSE)":[143],"5.43\u00b12.01":[145],"pixels":[146,159],"was":[147,170,177,204,223],"reported":[148],"salient":[150],"point":[151],"IR":[155,187,237],"6.81\u00b12.32":[158],"VIS":[164,181,235],"video.":[165],"Overall":[166],"MSE":[167],"registration":[169],"5.03":[171],"\u00b11.82":[172],"pixels.":[173],"corneal":[175,210],"area":[176],"segmented":[178],"images":[182,188],"localized":[184],"semantic":[191],"segmentation":[192],"method":[193],"(corneal":[194],"segmentation).":[195],"Intersection":[198],"Union":[200],"(IoU)":[201],"94.6%":[203],"found,":[205],"representing":[206],"segmentation.":[211],"time":[222],"developed.":[224],"able":[228],"localize":[230],"both":[234],"images,":[238],"report":[240],"profiles":[242],"measurement.":[250],"Experimental":[251],"results":[252],"show":[253],"that":[254],"work":[258],"as":[259],"tool":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}