{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389495199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341212","title":"Optimizing Subway Train Operation With Hierarchical Adaptive Control Approach","display_name":"Optimizing Subway Train Operation With Hierarchical Adaptive Control Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389495199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3341212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341212","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352110.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352110.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063056198","display_name":"Gaoyun Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4132-4638"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gaoyun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037683734","display_name":"D.X. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101277187","display_name":"Ming Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067123930","display_name":"Zhe Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4637-6332"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066071018","display_name":"Binbin Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673606","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-8287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451719","display_name":"Xiao Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1254-5740"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Traffic Control Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063056198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6011,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74886812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"138292","last_page":"138302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.8362836837768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6972565054893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6782336831092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.6603050231933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6390911340713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5931699872016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.5077542066574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.4196079969406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.39492267370224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1988171935081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16897621750831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.11725959181785583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.8362836837768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6972565054893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6782336831092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.6603050231933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6390911340713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5931699872016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5077542066574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.4196079969406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.39492267370224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1988171935081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16897621750831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.11725959181785583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3341212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341212","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352110.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba7475b48b3e452bbc1868135138a58b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba7475b48b3e452bbc1868135138a58b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 138292-138302 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3341212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3341212","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10352110.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5517038434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5619360336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1600702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7910748330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SQ2020YFB1600702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8672939649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B16007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389495199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389495199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008911998","https://openalex.org/W2010546247","https://openalex.org/W2109879495","https://openalex.org/W2322492622","https://openalex.org/W2546302380","https://openalex.org/W2766282873","https://openalex.org/W2889554471","https://openalex.org/W2910716906","https://openalex.org/W2913556500","https://openalex.org/W2949950977","https://openalex.org/W2958727589","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2970096728","https://openalex.org/W2998338655","https://openalex.org/W3022097106","https://openalex.org/W3035865962","https://openalex.org/W3059519817","https://openalex.org/W3080984775","https://openalex.org/W3093664514","https://openalex.org/W3115039499","https://openalex.org/W3135940841","https://openalex.org/W3205733779","https://openalex.org/W3208813790","https://openalex.org/W4205837126","https://openalex.org/W4220756144","https://openalex.org/W4320919392","https://openalex.org/W4382050043","https://openalex.org/W4384558114","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6802824561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W1991810297","https://openalex.org/W2032253950","https://openalex.org/W1819950161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116],"proportional":[1],"integral":[2],"derivative":[3],"(PID)":[4],"method":[5],"is":[6],"widely":[7],"used":[8],"in":[9,182],"industrial":[10],"control":[11,22,63,75],"applications.":[12],"However,":[13],"when":[14],"applied":[15],"to":[16,144,157],"complex":[17],"and":[18,45,70,92,110,123,136,176],"dynamic":[19],"train":[20,36,61,120,146,163],"operation":[21,37,62,147],"systems,":[23],"real-time":[24],"parameter":[25,52],"adjustment":[26],"becomes":[27],"a":[28,65,80,93,169],"formidable":[29],"challenge.":[30],"Moreover,":[31],"the":[32,49,98,102,108,113,126,130,138,150,159,174,179],"multifaceted":[33],"nature":[34],"of":[35,51,101,112,140,162,178],"control,":[38],"encompassing":[39],"safety,":[40],"parking":[41],"precision,":[42],"passenger":[43],"comfort,":[44],"energy":[46],"efficiency,":[47],"exacerbates":[48],"difficulty":[50],"adjustment.":[53],"To":[54],"address":[55],"this":[56,58],"problem,":[57],"paper":[59],"formulates":[60],"as":[64,105,107],"Markov":[66],"decision":[67],"process":[68],"(MDP)":[69],"introduces":[71],"an":[72,84],"innovative":[73],"adaptive":[74],"approach.":[76],"This":[77],"approach":[78,181],"features":[79],"hierarchical":[81],"structure":[82],"comprising":[83],"upper-level":[85,117],"deep":[86],"deterministic":[87],"policy":[88],"gradient":[89],"(DDPG)":[90],"controller":[91,118,132],"lower-level":[94,131],"PID":[95,114,127],"controller,":[96],"leveraging":[97],"learning":[99],"capability":[100],"DDPG":[103],"algorithm,":[104],"well":[106],"stability":[109],"interpretability":[111],"method.":[115],"acquires":[119],"status":[121],"information":[122],"autonomously":[124],"fine-tunes":[125],"parameters,":[128],"while":[129],"accepts":[133],"these":[134],"parameters":[135],"adjusts":[137],"percentage":[139],"traction":[141],"or":[142],"braking":[143],"achieve":[145],"control.":[148],"Furthermore,":[149],"reward":[151],"function":[152],"has":[153],"been":[154],"meticulously":[155],"designed":[156],"reconcile":[158],"diverse":[160],"objectives":[161],"operation.":[164],"Extensive":[165],"experiments":[166],"conducted":[167],"on":[168],"subway":[170],"simulation":[171],"platform":[172],"substantiate":[173],"effectiveness":[175],"adaptability":[177],"proposed":[180],"various":[183],"operational":[184],"scenarios.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
