{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389040783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3337035","title":"Modeling EEG Signals for Mental Confusion Using DNN and LSTM With Custom Attention Layer","display_name":"Modeling EEG Signals for Mental Confusion Using DNN and LSTM With Custom Attention Layer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389040783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3337035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3337035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3337035","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10328872.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10328872.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040926970","display_name":"Raghavendra Ganiga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-6733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152238500","display_name":"Chosun University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zt9a375","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152238500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghavendra Ganiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Research Institute of Chosun University, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Research Institute of Chosun University, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152238500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049300173","display_name":"Yonggang Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-1337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206597221","display_name":"Kongju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0373nm262","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206597221"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-1337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206597221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093345784","display_name":"Raj Tulluri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3316-2248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Tulluri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Canada","Department of Computer Science, Western University, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3316-2248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Western University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001024086","display_name":"Wooyeol Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-4044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152238500","display_name":"Chosun University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zt9a375","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152238500"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wooyeol Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-4044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152238500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7012,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8405456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"134663","last_page":"134676"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9451000094413757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.7154344320297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6896222829818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6885808706283569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.579131007194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5194513201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.5047222375869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40934646129608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18691414594650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09055623412132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.07718279957771301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.7154344320297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6896222829818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6885808706283569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.579131007194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5194513201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.5047222375869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40934646129608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18691414594650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09055623412132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07718279957771301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3337035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3337035","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10328872.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:520618621a0a406996754e7f307ec078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/520618621a0a406996754e7f307ec078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 134663-134676 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3337035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3337035","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10328872.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G125271649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017R1A6A1A03015496","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3538485264","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1A6A1A03015496","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3802296923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017R1A6A1A03015496","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389040783.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389040783.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W646783880","https://openalex.org/W772526079","https://openalex.org/W1206391664","https://openalex.org/W1501547933","https://openalex.org/W1525399862","https://openalex.org/W1544959898","https://openalex.org/W1819805001","https://openalex.org/W1964940342","https://openalex.org/W1970453117","https://openalex.org/W2567326027","https://openalex.org/W2747780745","https://openalex.org/W2783339817","https://openalex.org/W2897805703","https://openalex.org/W2908954394","https://openalex.org/W2963382997","https://openalex.org/W2966632508","https://openalex.org/W2984432074","https://openalex.org/W3011484826","https://openalex.org/W3039813419","https://openalex.org/W3095497689","https://openalex.org/W3152496207","https://openalex.org/W3166528379","https://openalex.org/W3214358703","https://openalex.org/W4205290437","https://openalex.org/W4211195339","https://openalex.org/W4224224451","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4281567360","https://openalex.org/W4281972751","https://openalex.org/W4283738346","https://openalex.org/W4289110083","https://openalex.org/W4293009030","https://openalex.org/W4295598792","https://openalex.org/W4303579016","https://openalex.org/W4307122019","https://openalex.org/W4307261514","https://openalex.org/W4311653057","https://openalex.org/W4324065518","https://openalex.org/W4324360559","https://openalex.org/W6627949721","https://openalex.org/W7018188218"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W2044053727","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W3177028067","https://openalex.org/W1913385466","https://openalex.org/W2914170859","https://openalex.org/W2889342546","https://openalex.org/W2015048155","https://openalex.org/W1969223073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,225],"study":[1,226],"explored":[2],"the":[3,12,90,101,106,156,178,183,199,228],"impact":[4],"of":[5,14,141,147,151,220,237],"confusion":[6,18,44,221,238],"on":[7,89,158,182,189],"concentration":[8],"and":[9,16,69,114,120,127,209,240],"cognition,":[10],"emphasizing":[11],"importance":[13],"detecting":[15],"preventing":[17],"from":[19,81],"enhancing":[20],"learning":[21,33,83,103],"outcomes.":[22],"By":[23,86],"leveraging":[24],"electroencephalogram":[25],"(EEG)":[26],"data,":[27],"we":[28,77,93],"proposed":[29,200],"a":[30,210,234],"novel":[31],"deep":[32,102],"model":[34,55,131,180],"that":[35,187,198],"uses":[36],"long":[37],"short-term":[38],"memory":[39],"(LSTM)":[40],"networks":[41],"to":[42,54,65,118,144,233],"predict":[43],"levels":[45],"in":[46,217],"online":[47,139,170,245],"massive":[48],"open":[49],"courses":[50],"(MOOCs).":[51],"LSTM\u2019s":[52],"ability":[53,117],"sequential":[56],"data":[57,123,191,230],"such":[58],"as":[59,97],"EEG":[60,122,160,229],"signals":[61],"has":[62],"been":[63],"harnessed":[64],"capture":[66],"long-term":[67],"dependencies":[68],"temporal":[70,134],"dynamics":[71],"effectively.":[72],"To":[73],"enhance":[74],"pattern":[75],"detection,":[76],"incorporated":[78],"probabilistic":[79,128,207],"features":[80,99,208],"machine":[82],"(ML)":[84],"models.":[85],"training":[87],"them":[88],"same":[91],"dataset,":[92],"utilized":[94],"their":[95],"predictions":[96],"additional":[98],"for":[100,244],"model.":[104],"Thereby,":[105],"neural":[107],"network":[108],"could":[109],"make":[110],"more":[111],"informed":[112],"decisions":[113],"improve":[115],"its":[116],"detect":[119],"analyze":[121],"patterns.":[124],"Using":[125],"LSTM":[126,203],"features,":[129,161],"our":[130,174],"effectively":[132],"captured":[133],"dependencies,":[135],"enabling":[136],"an":[137],"accurate":[138],"assessment":[140],"student":[142],"perplexity":[143],"identify":[145],"moments":[146,219],"confusion.":[148],"The":[149],"integration":[150],"attention":[152,212],"mechanisms":[153],"further":[154],"enhanced":[155],"focus":[157],"critical":[159],"providing":[162],"valuable":[163],"insights":[164],"into":[165],"students\u2019":[166],"cognitive":[167],"states":[168],"during":[169],"learning.":[171],"We":[172],"evaluated":[173],"approach":[175],"by":[176],"comparing":[177],"deep-learning":[179],"trained":[181,188],"original":[184],"dataset":[185],"with":[186],"feature-engineered":[190],"using":[192],"K-fold":[193],"cross-validation.":[194],"Preliminary":[195],"testing":[196],"showed":[197],"DNN":[201],"+":[202],"model,":[204],"which":[205],"incorporates":[206],"custom":[211],"layer,":[213],"achieves":[214],"high":[215],"accuracy":[216],"identifying":[218],"among":[222],"MOOC":[223],"students.":[224],"advances":[227],"analysis,":[231],"leading":[232],"better":[235],"understanding":[236],"patterns":[239],"supports":[241],"personalized":[242],"interventions":[243],"education":[246],"platforms.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
