{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389105039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3336595","title":"Power Level Control of Nuclear Power Plants During Load Following Operation Using Fractional Order Controller Based on a Modified Algorithm","display_name":"Power Level Control of Nuclear Power Plants During Load Following Operation Using Fractional Order Controller Based on a Modified Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389105039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3336595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3336595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3336595","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10332168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10332168.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036646625","display_name":"Tarek A. Boghdady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8838-5384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek A. Boghdady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8838-5384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101556687","display_name":"Mostafa Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-9132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-9132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038761829","display_name":"Essam Aboul Zahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-2143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Essam Aboul Zahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077423502","display_name":"Sayed M. Eldin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-9967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186217134","display_name":"Future University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/03s8c2x09","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elsayed Tag-Eldin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068582754","display_name":"Mahmoud M. Sayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9290-7675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Sayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0325,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77351498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"134382","last_page":"134403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7684417963027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.6081239581108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5647504925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5615036487579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5158706903457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overshoot","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","score":0.47933897376060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-power-plant","display_name":"Nuclear power plant","score":0.45608019828796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.2366437017917633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.21894732117652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.197967529296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.08643278479576111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7684417963027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.6081239581108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5647504925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5615036487579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5158706903457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113957","display_name":"Overshoot (microwave communication)","level":2,"score":0.47933897376060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779979336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134447","display_name":"Nuclear power plant","level":2,"score":0.45608019828796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2366437017917633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.21894732117652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.197967529296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.08643278479576111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3336595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3336595","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10332168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:863881cdf8464dc1ae96a35c736bf9f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/863881cdf8464dc1ae96a35c736bf9f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 134382-134403 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3336595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3336595","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10332168.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389105039.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389105039.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184524517","https://openalex.org/W1621662411","https://openalex.org/W1982177129","https://openalex.org/W1988229193","https://openalex.org/W2023474156","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2132181343","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2444491171","https://openalex.org/W2745049031","https://openalex.org/W2747847616","https://openalex.org/W2798199058","https://openalex.org/W2806070592","https://openalex.org/W2809482885","https://openalex.org/W2889545660","https://openalex.org/W2892504614","https://openalex.org/W2921412552","https://openalex.org/W2971708082","https://openalex.org/W2982453621","https://openalex.org/W2995177686","https://openalex.org/W3011563599","https://openalex.org/W3047212778","https://openalex.org/W3048364450","https://openalex.org/W3109024396","https://openalex.org/W3112217617","https://openalex.org/W3120880170","https://openalex.org/W3126223227","https://openalex.org/W3131763504","https://openalex.org/W3134892380","https://openalex.org/W3138904693","https://openalex.org/W3173559581","https://openalex.org/W3183053969","https://openalex.org/W3197854914","https://openalex.org/W3201208428","https://openalex.org/W3212145502","https://openalex.org/W3217301860","https://openalex.org/W4200121615","https://openalex.org/W4280616210","https://openalex.org/W4282959656","https://openalex.org/W4283785830","https://openalex.org/W4312377511","https://openalex.org/W4320734179","https://openalex.org/W4377102726","https://openalex.org/W4385143397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002388147","https://openalex.org/W1971393305","https://openalex.org/W2540667912","https://openalex.org/W3098928304","https://openalex.org/W4293868274","https://openalex.org/W4386412075","https://openalex.org/W4389515241","https://openalex.org/W2810278913","https://openalex.org/W2110981444","https://openalex.org/W2588803791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nuclear":[0],"power":[1,15,26,56],"can":[2],"play":[3],"an":[4,19,180],"important":[5,20],"role":[6],"to":[7,24,51,75],"achieve":[8],"a":[9,38,58,62,65,148,164,240],"secure":[10],"clean":[11],"energy":[12],"transition.":[13],"Output":[14],"control":[16,209],"is":[17,47,73,90,121,128,218],"considered":[18],"issue":[21],"with":[22,92,130,183,198],"respect":[23],"nuclear":[25,59,149,165],"plants":[27],"(NPPs)":[28],"especially":[29],"during":[30,143],"load":[31,144],"following":[32,145],"operation":[33,146,162,229],"mode.":[34],"In":[35,238],"this":[36],"study,":[37],"scheduled":[39],"fractional":[40],"order":[41,50],"proportional":[42],"integral":[43],"derivative":[44],"(FOPID)":[45],"controller":[46,114,133,192,217,233],"designed":[48],"in":[49,61,234],"track":[52],"the":[53,77,81,87,106,112,117,136,159,168,172,189,195,212,215,227,231,235,248,251],"desired":[54],"reference":[55],"for":[57,188,230],"reactor":[60,150,166],"NPP.":[63],"Also,":[64,211],"modified":[66,196],"manta":[67],"ray":[68],"foraging":[69],"optimization":[70,94],"(MMRFO)":[71],"algorithm":[72,89,120,197],"proposed":[74,88,118,190,216,232],"tune":[76],"five":[78],"parameters":[79],"of":[80,86,111,147,163,186,214,250],"FOPID":[82,113,191],"controller.":[83,252],"The":[84,100,109,154,176],"performance":[85,127,182],"compared":[91,129],"several":[93],"techniques":[95],"using":[96,123,221],"23":[97],"benchmark":[98],"functions.":[99],"comparison":[101],"shows":[102],"that":[103],"MMRFO":[104,119,137],"has":[105,243],"best":[107],"performance.":[108],"simulation":[110,177],"tuned":[115,134,193],"by":[116,135,194],"performed":[122],"MATLAB/Simulink":[124],"and":[125,167,207],"its":[126],"classic":[131],"PID":[132],"algorithm.":[138],"Two":[139],"different":[140],"dynamic":[141],"simulations":[142],"are":[151],"carried":[152],"out.":[153],"first":[155],"case":[156,170],"study":[157],"covers":[158,171],"short":[160],"time":[161,174],"second":[169],"long":[173],"operation.":[175],"results":[178],"show":[179],"acceptable":[181],"high":[184],"degree":[185],"accuracy":[187],"very":[199,202],"low":[200,203],"overshoot,":[201],"steady":[204],"state":[205],"error":[206],"proper":[208],"signal.":[210],"stability":[213,223],"also":[219],"tested":[220],"Lyapunov":[222],"criterion":[224],"which":[225,246],"indicates":[226,247],"stable":[228],"two":[236],"cases.":[237],"addition,":[239],"sensitivity":[241],"analysis":[242],"been":[244],"accomplished":[245],"robustness":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}