{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388676703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332693","title":"Optimizing Technical and Economic Aspects of Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Systems: A Case Study of Manoka Island, Cameroon","display_name":"Optimizing Technical and Economic Aspects of Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Systems: A Case Study of Manoka Island, Cameroon","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388676703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3332693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332693","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318086.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318086.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084474847","display_name":"Reagan Jean Jacques Molu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5069-3349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163423212","display_name":"University of Douala","ror":"https://ror.org/02zr5jr81","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reagan Jean Jacques Molu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5069-3349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004133153","display_name":"Serge Raoul Dzonde Naoussi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1899-2904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163423212","display_name":"University of Douala","ror":"https://ror.org/02zr5jr81","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serge Raoul Dzonde Naoussi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047132129","display_name":"Patrice Wira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8033-6262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800745255","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace","ror":"https://ror.org/04k8k6n84","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrice Wira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire IRIMAS, University de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France","IRIMAS Laboratory, University of Haute Alsace, 61 Rue Albert Camus, Mulhouse, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire IRIMAS, University de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIMAS Laboratory, University of Haute Alsace, 61 Rue Albert Camus, Mulhouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800745255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024744773","display_name":"Wulfran Fendzi Mbasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-0716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163423212","display_name":"University of Douala","ror":"https://ror.org/02zr5jr81","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wulfran Fendzi Mbasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-0716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030747691","display_name":"Saatong Tsobze Kenfack","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163423212","display_name":"University of Douala","ror":"https://ror.org/02zr5jr81","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saatong Tsobze Kenfack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Applied Sciences Laboratory, U.I.T. of Douala, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076252339","display_name":"Barun K. Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5687-4768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barun Kumar Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009608147","display_name":"Enas Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186217134","display_name":"Future University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/03s8c2x09","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enas Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7683-0121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072437686","display_name":"Muhannad Alshareef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0390-7412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhannad J. Alshareef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing in Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","Department of Communication and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0390-7412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing in Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Qunfudhah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045071979","display_name":"Sherif S. M. Ghoneim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-1950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif S. M. Ghoneim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-1950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084474847"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163423212"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.9296,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90617849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"130909","last_page":"130930"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11336","display_name":"Energy and Environment Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.725492537021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.6485373973846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-fuel","display_name":"Fossil fuel","score":0.5135898590087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.4916873574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-generator","display_name":"Diesel generator","score":0.44661352038383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4367107152938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4299657344818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.41186007857322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.33252567052841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-fuel","display_name":"Diesel fuel","score":0.27794545888900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.2735770344734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19846376776695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.1703205704689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14370784163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11379846930503845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.725492537021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.6485373973846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.5135898590087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4916873574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963375","display_name":"Diesel generator","level":3,"score":0.44661352038383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4367107152938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4299657344818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.41186007857322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33252567052841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.27794545888900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2735770344734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19846376776695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.1703205704689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14370784163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11379846930503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3332693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332693","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318086.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworks2022-2026-4543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks2022-2026/3542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2022 to 2026","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:383c9a9fa0734ade8da65795f248f3b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/383c9a9fa0734ade8da65795f248f3b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 130909-130930 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3332693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332693","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318086.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388676703.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388676703.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988258764","https://openalex.org/W2036415000","https://openalex.org/W2116405029","https://openalex.org/W2316572893","https://openalex.org/W2343008011","https://openalex.org/W2423984770","https://openalex.org/W2554959521","https://openalex.org/W2595016046","https://openalex.org/W2607600796","https://openalex.org/W2736621685","https://openalex.org/W2765525403","https://openalex.org/W2771866430","https://openalex.org/W2802815425","https://openalex.org/W2883532171","https://openalex.org/W2897021318","https://openalex.org/W2899047430","https://openalex.org/W2901868935","https://openalex.org/W2911556784","https://openalex.org/W2913244467","https://openalex.org/W2949136330","https://openalex.org/W2969796738","https://openalex.org/W2979647137","https://openalex.org/W2995452478","https://openalex.org/W2997597936","https://openalex.org/W2999149773","https://openalex.org/W3000226489","https://openalex.org/W3006407522","https://openalex.org/W3006807010","https://openalex.org/W3009401070","https://openalex.org/W3010782791","https://openalex.org/W3012319911","https://openalex.org/W3023996724","https://openalex.org/W3042583737","https://openalex.org/W3082450986","https://openalex.org/W3106771372","https://openalex.org/W3122436450","https://openalex.org/W3126858050","https://openalex.org/W3132511482","https://openalex.org/W3168897883","https://openalex.org/W3186773539","https://openalex.org/W3196509257","https://openalex.org/W3198184084","https://openalex.org/W3202928675","https://openalex.org/W4200187219","https://openalex.org/W4210584906","https://openalex.org/W4220760642","https://openalex.org/W4221099887","https://openalex.org/W4283584912","https://openalex.org/W4285796440","https://openalex.org/W4293531549","https://openalex.org/W4294877911","https://openalex.org/W4297384421","https://openalex.org/W4307265354","https://openalex.org/W4308742599","https://openalex.org/W4366198765","https://openalex.org/W4377009028","https://openalex.org/W4382751269","https://openalex.org/W4385413441","https://openalex.org/W6782008983","https://openalex.org/W6786177339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2474431918","https://openalex.org/W2078072966","https://openalex.org/W2898107337","https://openalex.org/W4383503214","https://openalex.org/W2954886250","https://openalex.org/W4200539072","https://openalex.org/W2026885844","https://openalex.org/W2765868122","https://openalex.org/W2906994952","https://openalex.org/W2104754006"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60,222,274],"lack":[1],"of":[2,93,121,137,142,147,156,174,183,191,209,254,264,272,284,291,294,300,306,321],"accessible":[3],"and":[4,23,43,56,70,81,99,108,134,164,186,240,266,302,355],"reliable":[5],"electrical":[6,189],"energy":[7,20,110,139,172,220,262,323,344,356],"in":[8,53,58,87,258,330],"Cameroon":[9],"has":[10,66,112],"become":[11],"a":[12,71,115,154,160,187,267,281,303,310,326],"pervasive":[13],"obstacle":[14],"to":[15,29,49,129,216,338],"the":[16,32,78,91,104,119,131,144,170,195,207,218,225,249,315,339,346],"nation\u2019s":[17],"progress,":[18],"with":[19,177,286],"availability,":[21],"quality,":[22],"cost":[24],"identified":[25],"as":[26,114],"key":[27],"hindrances":[28],"development":[30,354],"over":[31,309],"past":[33],"15":[34],"years.":[35],"Conventional":[36],"solutions":[37],"that":[38],"rely":[39],"on":[40,62,96,151,297,342],"combustion":[41],"engines":[42],"electrochemical":[44],"storage":[45],"systems":[46,324],"have":[47,83],"proven":[48],"be":[50],"cost-prohibitive,":[51],"limited":[52],"power":[54,145,181],"output,":[55],"constrained":[57],"capacity.":[59],"dependence":[61,95],"traditional":[63],"diesel":[64],"generators":[65],"perpetuated":[67],"maintenance":[68],"challenges":[69],"continuous":[72],"demand":[73],"for":[74,106,118,199,352],"fuel":[75,236],"supply,":[76],"while":[77],"accompanying":[79],"noise":[80],"pollution":[82],"restricted":[84],"their":[85],"use":[86],"residential":[88],"areas.":[89],"Recognizing":[90],"imperative":[92],"reducing":[94],"fossil":[97],"fuels":[98],"curbing":[100],"greenhouse":[101],"gas":[102],"emissions,":[103],"need":[105],"clean":[107],"sustainable":[109,331,353],"sources":[111,140],"emerged":[113],"critical":[116],"concern":[117],"advancement":[120],"civilization.":[122],"Against":[123],"this":[124,126,167,204,319],"backdrop,":[125],"research":[127,223,335],"endeavors":[128],"identify":[130],"most":[132,226],"cost-effective":[133,275],"efficient":[135],"blend":[136],"renewable":[138,343],"capable":[141],"meeting":[143],"requirements":[146],"three":[148],"small":[149],"communities":[150],"Manoka":[152],"Island,":[153],"district":[155],"Douala,":[157],"Cameroon.":[158],"Through":[159],"comprehensive":[161],"technical,":[162],"environmental,":[163],"economic":[165],"analysis,":[166],"study":[168,250,329],"addresses":[169],"substantial":[171],"needs":[173],"334":[175],"households,":[176],"an":[178,241,244,252,287],"average":[179],"daily":[180],"consumption":[182],"1082.90":[184],"kWh":[185],"peak":[188],"load":[190],"183.99":[192],"kW.":[193],"Leveraging":[194],"Hybrid":[196,211],"Optimization":[197],"Model":[198],"Electric":[200],"Renewables":[201],"(HOMER)":[202],"program,":[203],"investigation":[205],"assesses":[206],"feasibility":[208],"implementing":[210],"Renewable":[212],"Energy":[213],"Systems":[214],"(HRES)":[215],"meet":[217],"region\u2019s":[219],"demands.":[221],"highlights":[224],"optimal":[227],"scenario":[228],"integrating":[229],"solar":[230],"panels,":[231],"wind":[232],"turbines,":[233],"battery":[234],"cells,":[235],"cell":[237],"generators,":[238],"biogas,":[239],"electrolyzer":[242],"within":[243,345],"off-grid":[245],"HRES":[246],"system.":[247],"Notably,":[248],"demonstrated":[251],"absence":[253],"idle":[255],"load,":[256],"resulting":[257],"remarkably":[259],"low":[260],"unit":[261],"costs":[263],"$0.1981":[265],"compelling":[268],"net":[269],"present":[270],"value":[271],"$2,209,741.":[273],"arrangement":[276],"featured":[277],"201":[278],"batteries,":[279],"yielding":[280],"project":[282],"profit":[283],"$57,387,":[285],"impressive":[288],"Internal":[289],"Rate":[290],"Return":[292,296],"(IRR)":[293],"9.09%,":[295],"Investment":[298],"(ROI)":[299],"6.19%,":[301],"payback":[304],"period":[305],"8.76":[307],"years":[308],"25-year":[311],"term.":[312],"In":[313],"essence,":[314],"insights":[316],"gleaned":[317],"from":[318],"exploration":[320],"hybrid":[322],"represent":[325],"pioneering":[327],"case":[328],"electricity":[332],"provision.":[333],"This":[334],"significantly":[336],"contributes":[337],"knowledge":[340],"base":[341],"nation,":[347],"underscoring":[348],"its":[349],"tremendous":[350],"potential":[351],"security.":[357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}