{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388676653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332643","title":"Dilated CNN Design Approach for Extracting Multi-Scale Features in Radar Emitter Classification","display_name":"Dilated CNN Design Approach for Extracting Multi-Scale Features in Radar Emitter Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388676653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3332643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318089.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318089.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103159893","display_name":"Enze Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3015-0227"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enze Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3015-0227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102009696","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-0785"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","The 63896 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-0785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63896 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037705312","display_name":"Ming Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-1201"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101953579","display_name":"Yinan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3591-7156"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","The 63896 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63893 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63896 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008141914","display_name":"Jian Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-4477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The 63896 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 63896 Forces of PLA, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103159893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14996749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"129205","last_page":"129216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8214848041534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7671957612037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6389100551605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6188771724700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.594797670841217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5532660484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.507213830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4826836884021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45552027225494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flops","display_name":"FLOPS","score":0.42710384726524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1863442361354828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12445399165153503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09471452236175537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8214848041534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7671957612037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6389100551605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6188771724700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.594797670841217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5532660484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.507213830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4826836884021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45552027225494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3826847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188768","display_name":"FLOPS","level":2,"score":0.42710384726524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1863442361354828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12445399165153503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09471452236175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3332643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318089.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c05f9af07dc34bd19102a539e12fe7de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c05f9af07dc34bd19102a539e12fe7de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 129205-129216 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3332643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3332643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10318089.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1707662968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B14010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G272553166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-ZZKY-JJ-11-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332588","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332588","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388676653.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388676653.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029811110","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2153816607","https://openalex.org/W2171357473","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2552270896","https://openalex.org/W2795257254","https://openalex.org/W2886334544","https://openalex.org/W2896927224","https://openalex.org/W2905547304","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962850830","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2990253657","https://openalex.org/W3009297390","https://openalex.org/W3027629341","https://openalex.org/W3032972472","https://openalex.org/W3035523707","https://openalex.org/W3089572932","https://openalex.org/W3093217586","https://openalex.org/W3107960335","https://openalex.org/W3120721364","https://openalex.org/W3128762715","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3174280965","https://openalex.org/W3197773477","https://openalex.org/W3203126653","https://openalex.org/W3203754594","https://openalex.org/W3212881378","https://openalex.org/W3216623900","https://openalex.org/W3217535672","https://openalex.org/W4207034821","https://openalex.org/W4220984399","https://openalex.org/W4224220194","https://openalex.org/W4224248751","https://openalex.org/W4225726016","https://openalex.org/W4280491503","https://openalex.org/W4286242951","https://openalex.org/W4289527429","https://openalex.org/W4312493270","https://openalex.org/W4367591602","https://openalex.org/W6783633521","https://openalex.org/W6797241699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315697128","https://openalex.org/W3102845713","https://openalex.org/W2971502891","https://openalex.org/W3205506801","https://openalex.org/W4280599700","https://openalex.org/W3183570023","https://openalex.org/W4382323155","https://openalex.org/W2016508734","https://openalex.org/W4287067436","https://openalex.org/W2990636717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar":[0],"emitter":[1],"classification":[2,32,132],"plays":[3],"an":[4],"increasingly":[5],"significant":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,36,43],"the":[9,31,48,97,111,130,136],"electronic":[10],"reconnaissance":[11],"system.":[12],"Due":[13],"to":[14,99],"many":[15],"convolutional":[16],"neural":[17],"network":[18,70],"(CNN)-based":[19],"approaches":[20,65],"suffer":[21],"from":[22],"insufficient":[23],"spatial":[24],"receptive":[25,86],"fields":[26],"and":[27,58],"inadequate":[28],"feature":[29,56],"representation,":[30],"accuracy":[33],"is":[34],"poor":[35],"low":[37],"signal-to-noise":[38],"ratio":[39],"(SNR)":[40],"conditions.":[41,107],"Therefore,":[42],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"stress":[47],"importance":[49],"of":[50],"multi-scale":[51,67,74],"dilated":[52,68,75],"convolutions":[53,76],"for":[54],"target":[55],"extraction,":[57],"propose":[59],"two":[60],"novel":[61],"CNN":[62,144],"architecture":[63],"design":[64],"called":[66],"residual":[69,78,113],"(MDRN).":[71],"By":[72],"combining":[73],"with":[77,110],"architecture,":[79],"MDRN":[80,115,138],"not":[81,117],"only":[82],"has":[83,139],"a":[84],"larger":[85],"field,":[87],"but":[88],"also":[89],"can":[90],"learn":[91],"more":[92],"diverse":[93],"features,":[94],"thereby":[95],"improving":[96],"ability":[98],"process":[100],"time-frequency":[101],"images":[102],"(TFI)":[103],"under":[104],"high-noise":[105],"energy":[106],"Moreover,":[108],"compared":[109],"original":[112],"model,":[114],"does":[116],"increase":[118],"any":[119],"parameter":[120],"complexity":[121],"or":[122],"floating-point":[123],"operations":[124],"per":[125],"second":[126],"(FLOPS).":[127],"Experiments":[128],"on":[129],"TFI":[131],"task":[133],"show":[134],"that":[135],"proposed":[137],"superior":[140],"performance":[141],"over":[142],"state-of-the-art":[143],"models.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}