{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388505224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3331088","title":"Early Exit Strategies for Learning-to-Rank Cascades","display_name":"Early Exit Strategies for Learning-to-Rank Cascades","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388505224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3331088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3331088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3331088","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10311562.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10311562.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084140765","display_name":"Francesco Busolin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3235-2524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Busolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca&#x2019;Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca&#x2019;Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030358452","display_name":"Claudio Lucchese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-0425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Lucchese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca&#x2019;Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca&#x2019;Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082554104","display_name":"Franco Maria Nardini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-334X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franco Maria Nardini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066317336","display_name":"Salvatore Orlando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4155-9797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Orlando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca&#x2019;Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca&#x2019;Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035605298","display_name":"Raffaele Perego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-4724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raffaele Perego","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057012820","display_name":"Salvatore Trani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-9409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Trani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084140765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7472,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75569229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"126691","last_page":"126704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8967634439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8364222049713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.729571521282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6135576963424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6064472198486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.5541802048683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.5424684882164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.49389296770095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4464079737663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42012345790863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4170018434524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.40118756890296936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8967634439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8364222049713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.729571521282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6135576963424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6064472198486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.5541802048683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.5424684882164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.49389296770095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4464079737663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42012345790863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4170018434524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.40118756890296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3331088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3331088","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10311562.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::a4f2388668917269871edffb63881b59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE ACCESS, vol. 11, pp. 126691-126704","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3b25de9f0424526ae61793a43ff02df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3b25de9f0424526ae61793a43ff02df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 126691-126704 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/5043380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5043380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3331088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3331088","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10311562.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7926685355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"87104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274803949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388505224.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388505224.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1674447","https://openalex.org/W2006996936","https://openalex.org/W2019803754","https://openalex.org/W2070299948","https://openalex.org/W2096682819","https://openalex.org/W2108278040","https://openalex.org/W2115584760","https://openalex.org/W2134195052","https://openalex.org/W2162059449","https://openalex.org/W2396382682","https://openalex.org/W2470088391","https://openalex.org/W2507268997","https://openalex.org/W2566147423","https://openalex.org/W2588472757","https://openalex.org/W2740751575","https://openalex.org/W2741632195","https://openalex.org/W2766284073","https://openalex.org/W2809089185","https://openalex.org/W2886518140","https://openalex.org/W2899500964","https://openalex.org/W2908332126","https://openalex.org/W2922386288","https://openalex.org/W3034212969","https://openalex.org/W3034449708","https://openalex.org/W3035038672","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3098851962","https://openalex.org/W3154971029","https://openalex.org/W3155319619","https://openalex.org/W3176017841","https://openalex.org/W4385572760","https://openalex.org/W6639514372","https://openalex.org/W6676769703","https://openalex.org/W6677385034","https://openalex.org/W6680360290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127142483","https://openalex.org/W4385565564","https://openalex.org/W2898073868","https://openalex.org/W2138488530","https://openalex.org/W4390446658","https://openalex.org/W2971071571","https://openalex.org/W2798835721","https://openalex.org/W2922169395","https://openalex.org/W2387658907","https://openalex.org/W25098770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,231],"ranking":[1,44,71,101],"pipelines":[2],"of":[3,39,51,58,63,88,121,148,202],"modern":[4],"search":[5],"platforms":[6],"commonly":[7],"exploit":[8],"complex":[9],"machine-learned":[10,151,173,209],"models,":[11],"having":[12],"a":[13,56,59,74,94,199],"significant":[14,247],"impact":[15],"on":[16,36],"the":[17,31,49,80,85,102,106,119,122,139,155,158,163,168,172,195,203,214],"query":[18],"response":[19],"time.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"paper,":[23],"we":[24,47,115,189],"discuss":[25],"several":[26],"techniques":[27,152,219],"to":[28,83,117,135,193,243],"speed":[29],"up":[30],"document":[32,52],"scoring":[33],"process":[34],"based":[35],"large":[37],"ensembles":[38],"decision":[40],"trees":[41],"without":[42,128,245],"hindering":[43],"quality.":[45],"Specifically,":[46],"study":[48,147,190],"problem":[50],"early":[53,86,129],"exit":[54,87],"within":[55],"framework":[57],"cascading":[60],"ranker":[61],"made":[62],"three":[64],"components:":[65],"(i)":[66],"an":[67,145,207],"efficient":[68],"but":[69],"sub-optimal":[70,170],"stage;":[72],"(ii)":[73],"pruner":[75,123],"that":[76,104,132,234],"exploits":[77,162,177],"signals":[78,179],"from":[79,241],"previous":[81,107],"component":[82,97],"force":[84],"documents":[89,103,127,131],"classified":[90],"as":[91,180],"irrelevant;":[92],"(iii)":[93],"final":[95,140],"high-quality":[96],"aimed":[98],"at":[99],"finely":[100],"survived":[105],"phase.":[108],"To":[109],"maximize":[110],"speedup":[111],"and":[112,150,228],"preserve":[113],"effectiveness,":[114],"aim":[116],"increase":[118],"accuracy":[120],"in":[124,249],"identifying":[125],"irrelevant":[126],"exiting":[130],"are":[133],"likely":[134],"be":[136],"ranked":[137],"among":[138],"top-k":[141],"results.":[142],"We":[143,216],"propose":[144],"in-depth":[146],"heuristic":[149,159],"for":[153,213],"designing":[154],"pruner.":[156],"While":[157],"technique":[160],"only":[161],"score/ranking":[164],"information":[165],"supplied":[166],"by":[167],"first":[169,196],"ranker,":[171,197,210],"solution":[174],"named":[175],"LEAR":[176],"these":[178],"additional":[181],"features":[182],"along":[183],"those":[184],"representing":[185],"query-document":[186],"pairs.":[187],"Moreover,":[188],"alternative":[191],"solutions":[192],"implement":[194],"either":[198],"small":[200],"prefix":[201],"original":[204],"forest,":[205],"or":[206],"auxiliary":[208],"explicitly":[211],"trained":[212],"purpose.":[215],"evaluate":[217],"our":[218,235],"with":[220],"reproducible":[221],"experiments":[222,232],"conducted":[223],"using":[224],"publicly":[225],"available":[226],"datasets":[227],"state-of-the-art":[229],"competitors.":[230],"confirm":[233],"early-exit":[236],"strategies":[237],"achieve":[238],"speedups":[239],"ranging":[240],"3\u00d7":[242],"10\u00d7":[244],"statistically":[246],"differences":[248],"effectiveness.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
