{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388469828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330872","title":"User Association and Load Balancing Based on Monte Carlo Tree Search","display_name":"User Association and Load Balancing Based on Monte Carlo Tree Search","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388469828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330872","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10310137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10310137.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002628100","display_name":"Hyeon-Min Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyeon-Min Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-2655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jung-Mo Moon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Mo Moon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea","Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059579395","display_name":"Jee-Hyeon Na","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeehyeon Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea","Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Small Cell Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075905746","display_name":"Een\u2010Kee Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5086-4008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Een-Kee Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5086-4008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002628100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8863,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74263253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"126087","last_page":"126097"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.844078540802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.6914249062538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6160905361175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.5468846559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4787446856498718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.47858428955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.46290525794029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.44577527046203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4410073459148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.42230919003486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4143292307853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25918808579444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.11733624339103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10819575190544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07429838180541992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.844078540802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.6914249062538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6160905361175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.5468846559524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4787446856498718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.47858428955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.46290525794029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44577527046203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4410073459148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.42230919003486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4143292307853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25918808579444885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.11733624339103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10819575190544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07429838180541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330872","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10310137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d855b8bc5dd4fb49e7847e2771ed712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d855b8bc5dd4fb49e7847e2771ed712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 126087-126097 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330872","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330872","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10310137.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2223445157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-0-01659","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2695354093","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G354582570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-0-01659","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4342860652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-02046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5577384859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8800380108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388469828.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388469828.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589747210","https://openalex.org/W2010630450","https://openalex.org/W2060617892","https://openalex.org/W2076933439","https://openalex.org/W2083561767","https://openalex.org/W2108011318","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2136530738","https://openalex.org/W2161044775","https://openalex.org/W2256188983","https://openalex.org/W2287503382","https://openalex.org/W2336972884","https://openalex.org/W2398409936","https://openalex.org/W2548314920","https://openalex.org/W2783156804","https://openalex.org/W2785574825","https://openalex.org/W2962836907","https://openalex.org/W2964159855","https://openalex.org/W3006375908","https://openalex.org/W3093583242","https://openalex.org/W3101873462","https://openalex.org/W3105101694","https://openalex.org/W3136375527","https://openalex.org/W3208988990","https://openalex.org/W4210604490","https://openalex.org/W4285195589","https://openalex.org/W4287887122","https://openalex.org/W4312984188","https://openalex.org/W4320712792","https://openalex.org/W4322706658","https://openalex.org/W4386533823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583194654","https://openalex.org/W2185389245","https://openalex.org/W1964245459","https://openalex.org/W2147320702","https://openalex.org/W2248871425","https://openalex.org/W4377970692","https://openalex.org/W2162063029","https://openalex.org/W2944222538","https://openalex.org/W2022863591","https://openalex.org/W2563943286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,175,216],"user":[1,33,97,123,146,153,226],"association":[2,98,124,147,154,227],"algorithm":[3,137,177,202,223,278],"for":[4,100,145],"5G":[5],"ultra-dense":[6],"heterogeneous":[7],"networks":[8],"(UD-HetNets)":[9],"comprising":[10],"multi-tier":[11],"base":[12,21,42],"stations":[13,22,43],"is":[14],"becoming":[15],"increasingly":[16],"complex.":[17],"In":[18],"UD-HetNets,":[19],"small":[20],"(SBSs)":[23],"play":[24],"an":[25,283],"important":[26],"role":[27],"in":[28,67,77,130,148,183,229],"offloading":[29],"data":[30,38,252],"traffic":[31],"of":[32,49,52,65,73,107,166,185,192,231,254],"equipments":[34],"(UEs)":[35],"requiring":[36],"high":[37,116],"rate":[39],"from":[40,199],"macro":[41],"(MBSs)":[44],"to":[45,114,170,204,237,248,271],"enhance":[46],"the":[47,55,71,91,95,152,167,190,193,200,221,241,249,255,259,276,286],"quality":[48],"services":[50],"(QoS)":[51],"them.":[53],"However,":[54],"traditional":[56,238],"cell":[57],"range":[58],"expansion":[59],"(CRE)":[60],"scheme":[61],"poses":[62],"a":[63,121,135,157,163,179,234],"risk":[64],"congestion":[66],"certain":[68],"SBSs":[69,209],"and":[70,86,111,161,188,210,263],"emergence":[72],"UEs":[74,110,250],"monopolizing":[75],"resources":[76],"less":[78],"congested":[79],"SBSs,":[80,112],"which":[81],"causes":[82],"SBS":[83],"load":[84,101,186,206],"imbalance":[85],"decreases":[87],"fairness":[88,191],"performance.":[89],"At":[90],"same":[92],"time,":[93],"determining":[94],"optimal":[96,262],"result":[99],"balancing,":[102],"considering":[103],"all":[104],"possible":[105],"combinations":[106],"associations":[108],"between":[109,261],"leads":[113],"prohibitively":[115],"computational":[117,128,274],"complexity.":[118],"To":[119],"obtain":[120],"near-optimal":[122,180],"solution":[125],"with":[126],"manageable":[127,273],"complexity,":[129,275],"this":[131,172],"paper,":[132],"we":[133],"propose":[134],"heuristic":[136,264],"based":[138],"on":[139,285],"Monte":[140],"Carlo":[141],"tree":[142],"search":[143],"(MCTS)":[144],"UD-HetNet.":[149],"We":[150],"model":[151],"problem":[155,160],"as":[156,282],"combinatorial":[158],"optimization":[159],"provide":[162,245],"detailed":[164],"design":[165],"MCTS":[168,176],"steps":[169],"solve":[171],"NP-hard":[173],"problem.":[174],"obtains":[178],"UEs-SBSs":[181],"combination":[182,197],"terms":[184,230],"balancing":[187,207],"maximizes":[189],"overall":[194],"network.":[195],"This":[196],"derived":[198],"proposed":[201,222,242,277],"aims":[203],"achieve":[205],"among":[208,214],"mitigate":[211],"resource":[212],"monopolization":[213],"UEs.":[215],"simulation":[217],"results":[218],"show":[219],"that":[220],"outperforms":[224],"conventional":[225],"schemes":[228],"fairness.":[232],"As":[233],"result,":[235],"compared":[236],"CRE":[239],"schemes,":[240],"method":[243],"can":[244,279],"good":[246],"performance":[247],"receiving":[251],"rates":[253],"bottom":[256],"50%.":[257],"Furthermore,":[258],"gap":[260],"solutions":[265],"does":[266],"not":[267],"exceed":[268],"4%.":[269],"Due":[270],"its":[272],"be":[280],"implemented":[281],"xApp":[284],"O-RAN":[287],"near-real-time":[288],"RAN":[289],"intelligent":[290],"controller":[291],"(RIC).":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}