{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388430647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330464","title":"Protection Analysis of a Traveling-Wave, Machine-Learning Protection Scheme for Distributions Systems With Variable Penetration of Solar PV","display_name":"Protection Analysis of a Traveling-Wave, Machine-Learning Protection Scheme for Distributions Systems With Variable Penetration of Solar PV","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388430647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309913.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006550824","display_name":"Miguel Jimenez Aparicio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-461X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Jimenez-Aparicio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-461X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112562131","display_name":"Trupal Patel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trupal R. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087748799","display_name":"Matthew J. Reno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4885-0480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew J. Reno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4885-0480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078596451","display_name":"Javier Hern\u00e1ndez-Alv\u00eddrez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Hernandez-Alvidrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006550824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1297,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87527366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"127255","last_page":"127270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.6136096715927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5346096754074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5310685634613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.5034536719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.4903757572174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4895270764827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.4514150619506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4437880516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4155050814151764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3657037615776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.354858934879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3260042369365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2885820269584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16852915287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12356799840927124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6136096715927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5346096754074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5310685634613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5034536719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.4903757572174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4895270764827728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.4514150619506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4437880516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4155050814151764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3657037615776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.354858934879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3260042369365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2885820269584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16852915287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12356799840927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14d163aa843c4138b5d47bde98b23f20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14d163aa843c4138b5d47bde98b23f20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 127255-127270 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2204791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2204791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330464","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2209453243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903105778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4947178736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388430647.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388430647.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79275310","https://openalex.org/W1500841432","https://openalex.org/W1633316175","https://openalex.org/W1988246447","https://openalex.org/W2002361682","https://openalex.org/W2025188302","https://openalex.org/W2030182970","https://openalex.org/W2042730533","https://openalex.org/W2054331588","https://openalex.org/W2148243908","https://openalex.org/W2154291887","https://openalex.org/W2155891432","https://openalex.org/W2478669465","https://openalex.org/W2503702879","https://openalex.org/W2556082776","https://openalex.org/W2611808743","https://openalex.org/W2621397563","https://openalex.org/W2792488372","https://openalex.org/W2797482259","https://openalex.org/W2903572434","https://openalex.org/W2987246488","https://openalex.org/W3005177913","https://openalex.org/W3017807569","https://openalex.org/W3054767660","https://openalex.org/W3109557051","https://openalex.org/W3114106146","https://openalex.org/W3114761969","https://openalex.org/W3128647111","https://openalex.org/W3135325787","https://openalex.org/W3137520593","https://openalex.org/W3159713845","https://openalex.org/W3198103629","https://openalex.org/W3198890324","https://openalex.org/W3198942699","https://openalex.org/W3210228301","https://openalex.org/W4206359503","https://openalex.org/W4223445356","https://openalex.org/W4237975129","https://openalex.org/W4248059954","https://openalex.org/W4256422713","https://openalex.org/W4282596573","https://openalex.org/W4284694064","https://openalex.org/W4285103585","https://openalex.org/W4285103611","https://openalex.org/W4285103613","https://openalex.org/W4285177088","https://openalex.org/W4288266925","https://openalex.org/W4306916407","https://openalex.org/W4310584255","https://openalex.org/W4316660372","https://openalex.org/W4360584068","https://openalex.org/W4360584187","https://openalex.org/W4384917135","https://openalex.org/W4387005414","https://openalex.org/W6803489779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386968573","https://openalex.org/W2395064349","https://openalex.org/W3091362923","https://openalex.org/W2137158307","https://openalex.org/W2171781874","https://openalex.org/W2315510390","https://openalex.org/W2791359615","https://openalex.org/W2152290689","https://openalex.org/W2155742919","https://openalex.org/W2912954116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"provides":[2],"a":[3,8,31,41,46,188,213,235],"detailed":[4],"protection":[5,19,34,100,126,143,216],"analysis":[6,129],"of":[7,29,61,135,140,147,170,193],"fast,":[9],"Traveling-Wave":[10],"(TW),":[11],"Machine-Learning":[12],"(ML),":[13],"local,":[14],"non-directional,":[15],"economic,":[16],"and":[17,114,138,152,168,182,190,197,212],"setting-less":[18],"scheme.":[20,144],"The":[21,96,128,220],"goal":[22],"is":[23,92,102,130,208,218],"to":[24,49,59,65,165,226,239],"provide":[25],"an":[26,105],"objective":[27],"evaluation":[28],"how":[30],"data-driven":[32],"TW":[33,179],"scheme":[35,101,217],"would":[36],"perform":[37],"when":[38],"deployed":[39],"on":[40,72,132],"power":[42],"distribution":[43,77],"system":[44,84,207],"as":[45,159],"faster":[47,237],"alternative":[48],"over-current":[50],"(OC)":[51],"protection.":[52,241],"Fault":[53],"simulations":[54],"consider":[55],"scenarios":[56],"from":[57],"none":[58],"high-penetration":[60],"renewable":[62],"energy":[63],"resources":[64],"show":[66,177],"its":[67],"suitability":[68],"for":[69],"future":[70],"applications":[71],"Distributed":[73],"Energy":[74],"Resources":[75],"(DER)-dominated":[76],"systems.":[78],"A":[79],"modified":[80],"IEEE":[81,204],"34":[82,205],"node":[83,206],"with":[85],"solar":[86],"Photovoltaic":[87],"(PV)":[88],"in":[89,94,210],"multiple":[90],"locations":[91,196],"modeled":[93,209],"PSCAD/EMTDC.":[95],"TW,":[97,230],"ML":[98,231],"method\u2019s":[99],"built":[103],"upon":[104],"efficient":[106],"signal-processing":[107],"stage,":[108],"using":[109],"the":[110,121,133,136,141,148,166,171,202,227],"Discrete":[111],"Wavelet":[112],"Transform,":[113],"scaled-down":[115],"Random":[116],"Forest":[117],"models":[118],"that":[119,229],"classify":[120],"fault":[122,183,195],"location":[123,184],"into":[124],"several":[125],"zones.":[127],"focused":[131],"quantification":[134],"sensitivity":[137],"selectivity":[139],"proposed":[142,172],"Furthermore,":[145],"estimations":[146],"false":[149],"trip":[150],"probability":[151],"average":[153],"unnecessary":[154,198],"load":[155,199],"loss":[156],"are":[157],"included,":[158],"these":[160],"events":[161],"may":[162],"occur":[163],"due":[164],"misoperation":[167],"miscoordination":[169],"data-driven,":[173],"signal-based":[174],"relays.":[175],"Results":[176],"high":[178],"detection":[180],"rates":[181],"accuracies,":[185],"which":[186],"cause":[187],"small":[189],"bounded":[191],"percentage":[192],"imprecise":[194],"loss.":[200],"Similarly,":[201],"same":[203],"OpenDSS":[211],"custom":[214],"OC":[215],"designed.":[219],"comparison":[221],"between":[222],"both":[223],"methods":[224,232],"leads":[225],"conclusion":[228],"can":[233],"be":[234],"significantly":[236],"aid":[238],"traditional":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}