{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388430351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330236","title":"All-Optical UAV-Based Triple-Hop FSO-FSO-VLC Cooperative System for High-Speed Broadband Internet Access in High-Speed Trains","display_name":"All-Optical UAV-Based Triple-Hop FSO-FSO-VLC Cooperative System for High-Speed Broadband Internet Access in High-Speed Trains","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388430351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330236","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089389801","display_name":"G. Aarthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-9908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aarthi Gunasekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-9908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068918201","display_name":"L. Bhargava Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Bhargava Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVRIT Hyderabad College of Engineering for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVRIT Hyderabad College of Engineering for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072251962","display_name":"Prabu Krishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabu Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-7997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041340003","display_name":"Rajesh Natarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3241-9063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Natarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3241-9063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062076081","display_name":"Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7004-2930"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody","raw_affiliation_strings":["COPELABS, Lus&#x00F3;fona University, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7004-2930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COPELABS, Lus&#x00F3;fona University, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089389801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.379,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89240643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"124228","last_page":"124239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.687397837638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.6370664834976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.563724160194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.5367914438247681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4990684986114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.4932858347892761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.42998138070106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.4292926788330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4176810681819916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.3484896421432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32696425914764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2993389666080475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26548177003860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2642274498939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20972785353660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15423476696014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.11650350689888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.687397837638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6370664834976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.563724160194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.5367914438247681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4990684986114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.4932858347892761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.42998138070106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4292926788330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4176810681819916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3484896421432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32696425914764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2993389666080475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26548177003860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2642274498939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20972785353660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15423476696014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.11650350689888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330236","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:194b49b99c1e43539880673a078b484e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/194b49b99c1e43539880673a078b484e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 124228-124239 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330236","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388430351.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388430351.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W221997911","https://openalex.org/W1491247725","https://openalex.org/W1961845250","https://openalex.org/W1967280221","https://openalex.org/W1977263339","https://openalex.org/W1978866691","https://openalex.org/W1995030579","https://openalex.org/W2009787393","https://openalex.org/W2012483235","https://openalex.org/W2034505713","https://openalex.org/W2041963145","https://openalex.org/W2152105150","https://openalex.org/W2152584537","https://openalex.org/W2248980475","https://openalex.org/W2284770305","https://openalex.org/W2542608383","https://openalex.org/W2579711946","https://openalex.org/W2601192781","https://openalex.org/W2750740430","https://openalex.org/W2757721723","https://openalex.org/W2761112583","https://openalex.org/W2767384493","https://openalex.org/W2790962380","https://openalex.org/W2890469073","https://openalex.org/W2894178248","https://openalex.org/W2895265707","https://openalex.org/W2903925025","https://openalex.org/W2904815540","https://openalex.org/W2964902842","https://openalex.org/W2979628954","https://openalex.org/W2980019188","https://openalex.org/W2982459348","https://openalex.org/W3012501482","https://openalex.org/W3088031097","https://openalex.org/W3093648387","https://openalex.org/W3093748822","https://openalex.org/W3100226268","https://openalex.org/W3101674493","https://openalex.org/W3123545179","https://openalex.org/W3145191367","https://openalex.org/W3169113824","https://openalex.org/W3182625905","https://openalex.org/W3194378775","https://openalex.org/W3197539477","https://openalex.org/W3209630169","https://openalex.org/W4206768841","https://openalex.org/W4220729637","https://openalex.org/W4249475338","https://openalex.org/W4323338589","https://openalex.org/W4376456939","https://openalex.org/W4386420811","https://openalex.org/W6608651560","https://openalex.org/W6695586988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319082625","https://openalex.org/W2904463789","https://openalex.org/W4386214712","https://openalex.org/W2058844972","https://openalex.org/W2125803561","https://openalex.org/W1971326319","https://openalex.org/W2390987628","https://openalex.org/W2058928051","https://openalex.org/W2188994282","https://openalex.org/W1581377347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,219],"proposed":[4,185,220],"an":[5],"unmanned":[6],"aerial":[7],"vehicle":[8],"(UAV)":[9],"based":[10],"all":[11],"optical":[12,204],"triple":[13,37],"hop":[14,78,92,124],"mixed":[15],"free":[16],"space":[17,19],"optical-free":[18],"optical-visible":[20],"light":[21],"communication":[22],"(FSO-FSO-VLC)":[23],"system":[24,34,215,222],"for":[25,175],"broadband":[26],"internet":[27],"access":[28,209],"in":[29],"high-speed":[30],"train":[31,46,48,64,97,127,164],"applications.":[32],"The":[33,76,90,122,145],"consists":[35,98],"of":[36,84,99,183,192,196,208],"hops":[38],"from":[39],"gateway":[40,72,80],"to":[41,45,49,66,73,81,96,119,159],"the":[42,50,61,68,71,74,94,126,148,152,160,163,166,171,184,190],"UAV,":[43],"UAV":[44,62,82,95],"and":[47,55,63,102,115,128,136,155,180,211,228],"end":[51,129],"user.":[52],"Two":[53],"decode":[54],"forward":[56],"relays":[57,146],"are":[58],"mounted":[59],"on":[60,151,214],"respectively":[65],"transmit":[67],"data":[69,226],"between":[70,79,93,125],"end-users.":[75],"first":[77],"consist":[83],"FSO":[85,100,153],"link":[86,101,135],"which":[87,108,223],"follows":[88],"M-distribution.":[89],"second":[91],"is":[103,131,138],"modelled":[104,140],"using":[105,133,141],"Gamma-Gamma":[106],"distribution":[107],"takes":[109],"into":[110],"account":[111],"both":[112],"atmospheric":[113,193],"turbulence":[114],"pointing":[116],"errors":[117],"due":[118],"position/orientation":[120],"deviation.":[121],"third":[123],"user":[130,161],"connected":[132],"VLC":[134,167],"it":[137,157],"mathematically":[139],"Lambertian":[142],"emission":[143],"distribution.":[144],"map":[147],"incoming":[149],"signal":[150],"links":[154],"send":[156],"down":[158],"inside":[162],"via":[165],"downlink.":[168],"We":[169],"derived":[170],"closed":[172],"form":[173],"expressions":[174],"average":[176],"bit":[177],"error":[178],"rate":[179,227],"outage":[181],"probability":[182],"system.":[186],"This":[187],"paper":[188],"investigates":[189],"effects":[191],"turbulence,":[194],"field":[195],"view,":[197],"beam":[198],"divergence":[199],"angle,":[200],"displacement":[201],"deviation":[202],"variance,":[203],"concentrator":[205],"gain,":[206],"number":[207],"point,":[210],"modulation":[212],"schemes":[213],"performance.":[216],"First":[217],"time,":[218],"all-optical":[221],"offers":[224],"high":[225],"low":[229],"transmission":[230],"delay.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T08:33:51.333923","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
