{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388430580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330081","title":"A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Offensive Text Detection in Unstructured Data for Heterogeneous Social Media","display_name":"A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Offensive Text Detection in Unstructured Data for Heterogeneous Social Media","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388430580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309916.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309916.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029971825","display_name":"Jamshid Bacha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamshid Bacha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052758685","display_name":"Farman Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-8353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farman Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062476532","display_name":"Jebran Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-1149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jebran Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","Department of Artificial Intelligence, AJOU University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-1149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, AJOU University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062355059","display_name":"Abdul Wasay Sardar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Wasay Sardar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang-si, South Korea","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080124260","display_name":"Sungchang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-6018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24456540","display_name":"Korea Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmm0651","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungchang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang-si, South Korea","School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-6018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24456540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.807,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94406991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"124484","last_page":"124498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.9767317175865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7579585313796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7482665777206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4968724548816681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.33036255836486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3246530592441559}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.9767317175865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7579585313796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7482665777206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4968724548816681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33036255836486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3246530592441559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309916.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a3e16a7213df4c7e9c41721947fb0a06","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a3e16a7213df4c7e9c41721947fb0a06","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 124484-124498 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3330081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3330081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10309916.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388430580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388430580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536826708","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W2088781183","https://openalex.org/W2436046367","https://openalex.org/W2555390996","https://openalex.org/W2579442881","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2610373898","https://openalex.org/W2771711739","https://openalex.org/W2784010253","https://openalex.org/W2787456091","https://openalex.org/W2802758067","https://openalex.org/W2912026968","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2972944582","https://openalex.org/W2988452876","https://openalex.org/W2999021003","https://openalex.org/W3009899658","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3043995050","https://openalex.org/W3084911298","https://openalex.org/W3104737638","https://openalex.org/W3111930335","https://openalex.org/W3117123720","https://openalex.org/W3121075225","https://openalex.org/W3128060799","https://openalex.org/W3133285102","https://openalex.org/W3148001275","https://openalex.org/W3156228743","https://openalex.org/W3158749658","https://openalex.org/W3173175625","https://openalex.org/W3175392088","https://openalex.org/W3176937211","https://openalex.org/W3195130895","https://openalex.org/W3198738509","https://openalex.org/W3199736468","https://openalex.org/W3210595538","https://openalex.org/W3216001489","https://openalex.org/W4206946787","https://openalex.org/W4211107605","https://openalex.org/W4283317907","https://openalex.org/W4285214982","https://openalex.org/W4285288048","https://openalex.org/W4301510055","https://openalex.org/W4394658982","https://openalex.org/W6731939997","https://openalex.org/W6745675777","https://openalex.org/W6747206711","https://openalex.org/W6758445153","https://openalex.org/W6768237638","https://openalex.org/W6779210270","https://openalex.org/W6786846695","https://openalex.org/W6787619152","https://openalex.org/W6791432717","https://openalex.org/W6800595946","https://openalex.org/W6864772185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1568520348","https://openalex.org/W3214407891","https://openalex.org/W3194113117","https://openalex.org/W4287020359","https://openalex.org/W3213194066","https://openalex.org/W268355439","https://openalex.org/W2967125893","https://openalex.org/W4385323698","https://openalex.org/W2385362579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,29,64],"such":[2,34,118],"as":[3,35],"Facebook,":[4],"Instagram,":[5],"and":[6,10,16,22,40,53,69,116,150,165,185,198,224,249,255,259,269,277,284],"Twitter":[7],"are":[8,280],"powerful":[9],"essential":[11],"platforms":[12],"where":[13],"people":[14],"express":[15],"share":[17,31],"their":[18],"ideas,":[19],"knowledge,":[20],"talents,":[21],"abilities":[23],"with":[24,140],"others.":[25],"Users":[26],"on":[27,62,123,207,232],"social":[28,63,103,124],"also":[30],"harmful":[32],"content,":[33],"targeting":[36],"gender,":[37],"religion,":[38],"race,":[39],"trolling.":[41],"These":[42,74],"posts":[43,95],"may":[44,84],"be":[45,85,98],"in":[46,72,114,189,217],"the":[47,60,127,135,141,159,166,171,176,192,195,203,229,233,242,266,271],"form":[48],"of":[49,59,148,178,194],"tweets,":[50],"videos,":[51],"images,":[52],"memes.":[54,190,218],"A":[55],"meme":[56],"is":[57,202],"one":[58],"mediums":[61],"which":[65,279],"has":[66],"an":[67],"image":[68],"embedded":[70],"text":[71,113,168,188,215],"it.":[73],"memes":[75,115,144],"convey":[76],"various":[77],"views,":[78],"including":[79],"fun":[80],"or":[81,91],"offensiveness,":[82],"that":[83,110,241],"a":[86,108,146],"personal":[87],"attack,":[88],"hate":[89],"speech,":[90],"racial":[92],"abuse.":[93],"Such":[94],"need":[96],"to":[97,169,183,227],"filtered":[99],"out":[100],"immediately":[101],"from":[102,120,145],"media.":[104],"This":[105,219],"paper":[106],"presents":[107],"framework":[109,220],"detects":[111],"offensive":[112,149,187,214],"prevents":[117],"nuisance":[119],"being":[121],"posted":[122],"media,":[125],"using":[126],"collected":[128],"KAU-Memes":[129,160,236],"dataset":[130,139,161],"2582.":[131],"The":[132,238],"latter":[133],"combines":[134],"\u201c2016":[136],"U.S.":[137],"Election\u201d":[138],"newly":[142,234],"generated":[143],"series":[147],"non-offensive":[151],"tweets":[152],"datasets.":[153],"In":[154],"fact,":[155],"this":[156,201],"model":[157,244],"uses":[158,221],"containing":[162],"symbolic":[163],"images":[164],"corresponding":[167],"validate":[170],"proposed":[172,180,243],"model.":[173],"We":[174],"compare":[175,228],"performance":[177,231,268],"three":[179],"deep-learning":[181],"algorithms":[182],"train":[184],"detect":[186],"To":[191],"best":[193,267],"authors":[196],"knowledge":[197],"literature":[199],"review,":[200],"first":[204],"approach":[205],"based":[206],"You":[208],"Only":[209],"Look":[210],"Once":[211],"(YOLO)":[212],"for":[213,252,262,287],"detection":[216],"YOLOv4,":[222],"YOLOv5,":[223],"SSD":[225],"MobileNetV2":[226],"model\u2019s":[230],"labeled":[235],"dataset.":[237],"results":[239],"show":[240],"achieved":[245,270],"81.74%,":[246],"84.1%,":[247],"mAP,":[248,258,274],"F1-score,":[250,260,275],"respectively,":[251,286],"SSD-MobileNet":[253],"V2,":[254],"85.20%,":[256],"84.0%,":[257],"respectively":[261],"YOLOv4.":[263],"YOLOv5":[264],"had":[265],"highest":[272],"possible":[273],"precision,":[276],"recall":[278],"88.50%,":[281],"88.8%,":[282],"90.2%,":[283],"87.5%,":[285],"YOLOv5.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
