{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388019046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328386","title":"Exudate Detection: Integrating Retinal-Based Affine Mapping and Design Flow Mechanism to Develop Lightweight Architectures","display_name":"Exudate Detection: Integrating Retinal-Based Affine Mapping and Design Flow Mechanism to Develop Lightweight Architectures","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388019046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299617.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026375745","display_name":"Muhammad Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-6202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-6202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026375745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3659,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82021769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"125185","last_page":"125203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8383578062057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5861613154411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.5756357908248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5292524695396423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5248910188674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4815414547920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.46349406242370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4108555316925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4058007597923279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3241957426071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.30885738134384155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8383578062057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5861613154411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.5756357908248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5292524695396423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5248910188674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4815414547920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.46349406242370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4108555316925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4058007597923279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3241957426071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30885738134384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/24fe7284-6577-49af-8545-b1c4c7ea954d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/24fe7284-6577-49af-8545-b1c4c7ea954d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402508","display_name":"Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","host_organization_name":"University of Huddersfield","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hussain, M 2023, 'Exudate Detection : Integrating Retinal-Based Affine Mapping and Design Flow Mechanism to Develop Lightweight Architectures', IEEE Access, vol. 11, 10299617, pp. 125185-125203. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3328386","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b48e318465894ff38e67a9af0e50f624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b48e318465894ff38e67a9af0e50f624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 125185-125203 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328386","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388019046.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388019046.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1823656996","https://openalex.org/W1992968447","https://openalex.org/W2078789324","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2100756624","https://openalex.org/W2347185285","https://openalex.org/W2512148493","https://openalex.org/W2615982936","https://openalex.org/W2749049648","https://openalex.org/W2990846565","https://openalex.org/W3081111549","https://openalex.org/W3098558149","https://openalex.org/W3196201121","https://openalex.org/W4205213185","https://openalex.org/W4206193023","https://openalex.org/W4224287303","https://openalex.org/W4292313505","https://openalex.org/W4295886290","https://openalex.org/W4311284674","https://openalex.org/W4321442963","https://openalex.org/W4379618865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2374520121","https://openalex.org/W2948670949","https://openalex.org/W4288047943","https://openalex.org/W2394034517","https://openalex.org/W2038416447","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2364945429","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W2967742050"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,38],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3,96],"innovative":[4],"solution":[5],"to":[6,45,87],"critical":[7],"challenges":[8],"in":[9,102,140],"the":[10,25,33,40,62,131],"automated":[11,134],"detection":[12],"of":[13,27,42,64,123,133],"Diabetic":[14],"Retinopathy":[15],"using":[16,111],"fundus":[17,29,56],"images.":[18],"To":[19],"combat":[20],"data":[21,74],"scarcity,":[22],"we":[23,81],"investigate":[24],"process":[26],"modeling":[28],"images":[30],"by":[31,49],"proposing":[32],"\u2019Retina-Based":[34],"Affine":[35],"Mapping\u2019":[36],"mechanism.":[37],"facilitated":[39],"generation":[41],"representative":[43],"augmentations":[44,70],"model":[46,106],"occurrences":[47],"influenced":[48],"various":[50],"internal":[51,97],"and":[52,144],"external":[53],"factors":[54],"during":[55],"image":[57,142],"acquisition,":[58],"diverging":[59],"away":[60],"from":[61],"concept":[63],"previous":[65],"works":[66],"focusing":[67],"on":[68,73],"generic":[69],"focused":[71],"primarily":[72],"scaling":[75],"rather":[76],"than":[77],"increased":[78],"representation.":[79],"Additionally,":[80],"propose":[82],"a":[83,103],"\u2019Design":[84],"Flow":[85],"Mechanism\u2019":[86],"streamline":[88],"custom":[89],"Convolutional":[90],"Neural":[91],"Network":[92],"architecture":[93],"development,":[94],"via":[95],"parameter":[98],"comparison":[99],"table,":[100],"resulting":[101],"highly":[104],"efficient":[105],"with":[107],"99.51%":[108],"validation":[109],"accuracy":[110],"only":[112],"1.40":[113],"million":[114,125],"parameters,":[115],"outperforming":[116],"state-of-the-art":[117],"alternatives":[118],"such":[119],"as":[120],"ResNet-18,":[121],"consisting":[122],"11.69":[124],"learnable":[126],"parameters.":[127],"These":[128],"contributions":[129],"enhance":[130],"field":[132],"DR":[135],"detection,":[136],"promising":[137],"significant":[138],"advancements":[139],"medical":[141],"analysis":[143],"early":[145],"disease":[146],"diagnosis.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}