{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388019189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328331","title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence of Multi-Level Stacking Ensemble for Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and the Sub-Scores of Cognitive Biomarkers","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence of Multi-Level Stacking Ensemble for Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and the Sub-Scores of Cognitive Biomarkers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388019189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328331","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299625.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299625.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066802602","display_name":"Abdulaziz AlMohimeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9862-6398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz AlMohimeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Universitym (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9862-6398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Universitym (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087517154","display_name":"Redhwan M. A. Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26840924","display_name":"Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tsjvt68","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26840924"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Redhwan M. A. Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Informatics, Midocean University, Moroni, Comoros"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Informatics, Midocean University, Moroni, Comoros","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26840924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033536879","display_name":"Sherif Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-4005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, South Valley University, Hurghada, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, South Valley University, Hurghada, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050567281","display_name":"Nora El-Rashidy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-9439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130309236","display_name":"Kafrelsheikh University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a97mm30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nora Mahmoud El-Rashidy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning and Information Retrieval Department, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt","Machine Learning and Information Retrieval Department, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheiksh University, Kafrelsheiksh, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-9439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning and Information Retrieval Department, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning and Information Retrieval Department, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheiksh University, Kafrelsheiksh, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104189370","display_name":"Sarah Farrag","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Farrag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Informations, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Informations, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111064242","display_name":"Abdelkareem Gaballah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130309236","display_name":"Kafrelsheikh University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a97mm30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelkareem Gaballah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt","Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheiksh University, Kafrelsheiksh, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Kafrelsheiksh University, Kafrelsheiksh, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130309236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057217204","display_name":"Mohamed Abd Elaziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7682-6269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130009713","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009028","display_name":"Galala University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3ne739","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abd Elaziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suez, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7682-6269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713","https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052265483","display_name":"Shaker El\u2013Sappagh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-1477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130009713","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207547235","display_name":"Benha University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tn5ee41","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009028","display_name":"Galala University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x3ne739","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaker El-Sappagh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suez, Egypt","Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Banha, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-1477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713","https://openalex.org/I4400009028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Banha, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108016584","display_name":"Hager Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6184-7107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hager Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, South Valley University, Hurghada, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6184-7107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, South Valley University, Hurghada, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066802602"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.7317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99041096,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"123173","last_page":"123193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7009025812149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6577455997467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6501553654670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6232935786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.5538578629493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5315231084823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.5081233978271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.48108622431755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46858924627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"Dementia","score":0.4342731535434723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.43310272693634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33096474409103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.2871097922325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22892460227012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.11367985606193542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7009025812149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6577455997467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6501553654670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6232935786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.5538578629493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5315231084823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.5081233978271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.48108622431755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46858924627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.4342731535434723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.43310272693634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33096474409103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2871097922325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22892460227012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.11367985606193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328331","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299625.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57df00ac9bcf483eb0ab21d5c55dc135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57df00ac9bcf483eb0ab21d5c55dc135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 123173-123193 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3328331","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3328331","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10299625.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388019189.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388019189.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1472067","https://openalex.org/W198106434","https://openalex.org/W1529527003","https://openalex.org/W1545092995","https://openalex.org/W1568654892","https://openalex.org/W1599871777","https://openalex.org/W1715858500","https://openalex.org/W1902786215","https://openalex.org/W1957710718","https://openalex.org/W1965616054","https://openalex.org/W2000480518","https://openalex.org/W2010607123","https://openalex.org/W2018935975","https://openalex.org/W2079484785","https://openalex.org/W2085558649","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2115017507","https://openalex.org/W2120049868","https://openalex.org/W2129497119","https://openalex.org/W2138475095","https://openalex.org/W2140494000","https://openalex.org/W2143508752","https://openalex.org/W2146089088","https://openalex.org/W2149862198","https://openalex.org/W2162798214","https://openalex.org/W2183371548","https://openalex.org/W2183843206","https://openalex.org/W2216326501","https://openalex.org/W2304813646","https://openalex.org/W2310372181","https://openalex.org/W2314151980","https://openalex.org/W2338257936","https://openalex.org/W2382818215","https://openalex.org/W2413582275","https://openalex.org/W2489237317","https://openalex.org/W2498672755","https://openalex.org/W2590489721","https://openalex.org/W2613057783","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2805494981","https://openalex.org/W2806419994","https://openalex.org/W2809716996","https://openalex.org/W2809891228","https://openalex.org/W2886568032","https://openalex.org/W2908445743","https://openalex.org/W2908469802","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2916257687","https://openalex.org/W2940561310","https://openalex.org/W2941931164","https://openalex.org/W2943835562","https://openalex.org/W2945279365","https://openalex.org/W2947168485","https://openalex.org/W2953778338","https://openalex.org/W2967935744","https://openalex.org/W2983300844","https://openalex.org/W2995495466","https://openalex.org/W3006901343","https://openalex.org/W3013879439","https://openalex.org/W3015461837","https://openalex.org/W3019196002","https://openalex.org/W3023527104","https://openalex.org/W3026072590","https://openalex.org/W3044427673","https://openalex.org/W3045594725","https://openalex.org/W3092077324","https://openalex.org/W3115069763","https://openalex.org/W3119278118","https://openalex.org/W3125069671","https://openalex.org/W3136395494","https://openalex.org/W3148181069","https://openalex.org/W3159837519","https://openalex.org/W3160810656","https://openalex.org/W3171637117","https://openalex.org/W3179744756","https://openalex.org/W3182313452","https://openalex.org/W4211050998","https://openalex.org/W4214898695","https://openalex.org/W4224300633","https://openalex.org/W4254077482","https://openalex.org/W4283813601","https://openalex.org/W4285032751","https://openalex.org/W4285281980","https://openalex.org/W4293678623","https://openalex.org/W4295122723","https://openalex.org/W4308266714","https://openalex.org/W4310673758","https://openalex.org/W4312141229","https://openalex.org/W4360985733","https://openalex.org/W4362514126","https://openalex.org/W4383755570","https://openalex.org/W4386441189","https://openalex.org/W6635930888","https://openalex.org/W6684081588","https://openalex.org/W6686145329","https://openalex.org/W6686207219","https://openalex.org/W6697990019","https://openalex.org/W6703736830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367336074","https://openalex.org/W3154045278","https://openalex.org/W4379620016","https://openalex.org/W3210764983","https://openalex.org/W4367335949","https://openalex.org/W3089416646","https://openalex.org/W4380048833","https://openalex.org/W4285162676","https://openalex.org/W3036529732","https://openalex.org/W4382052559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Alzheimer\u2019s":[0,83,89],"disease":[1,29,84,333],"(AD)":[2],"is":[3,20,214,223,253,261,269,279,316],"a":[4,53,257],"progressive":[5],"neurological":[6],"disorder":[7],"characterized":[8],"by":[9],"memory":[10],"loss":[11],"and":[12,31,62,122,131,150,177,194,205,220,245,250,264,275,285,301,363,373,379,384,388],"cognitive":[13,73],"decline,":[14],"affecting":[15],"millions":[16],"worldwide.":[17],"Early":[18],"detection":[19,43],"crucial":[21],"for":[22,146,160,172,201,208,330,381,390],"effective":[23],"treatment,":[24],"as":[25],"it":[26],"can":[27],"slow":[28],"progression":[30],"improve":[32],"quality":[33],"of":[34,68,81,142,157,183,236,375],"life.":[35],"Machine":[36,114],"learning":[37],"has":[38],"shown":[39],"promise":[40],"in":[41,98,198,230,247],"AD":[42],"using":[44,366],"various":[45],"medical":[46],"modalities.":[47],"In":[48,94,164],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,101,134],"propose":[52],"novel":[54],"multi-level":[55,348],"stacking":[56,136,168,200,207,221,238,265,268,349,364],"model":[57,145,159,239,296,326],"that":[58,138,153,175,338],"combines":[59,139,154],"heterogeneous":[60],"models":[61,105,169,186,350,365],"modalities":[63,71],"to":[64,216,225,255,271,281,294,318,359],"predict":[65],"different":[66],"classes":[67],"AD.":[69],"The":[70,324,335],"include":[72],"sub-scores":[74],"(e.g.,":[75],"clinical":[76],"dementia":[77],"rating":[78],"\u2013":[79],"sum":[80],"boxes,":[82],"assessment":[85],"scale)":[86],"from":[87,240],"the":[88,95,140,147,155,161,181,202,209,233,237,248,273,276,283,287,320,339,346,352],"Disease":[90],"Neuroimaging":[91],"Initiative":[92],"dataset.":[93],"proposed":[96,325,347],"approach,":[97],"level":[99,165,231],"1,":[100],"used":[102,215,224,270,280,317],"six":[103],"base":[104,144,185],"(Random":[106],"Forest":[107],"(RF),":[108,219],"Decision":[109],"Tree":[110],"(DT),":[111],"Support":[112],"Vector":[113],"(SVM),":[115],"Logistic":[116],"Regression":[117],"(LR),":[118],"K-nearest":[119],"Neighbors":[120],"(KNN),":[121],"Native":[123],"Bayes":[124],"(NB)to":[125],"train":[126,217,272],"each":[127,143,158,173,241],"modality":[128,174,242],"(ADAS,":[129,243],"CDR,":[130,244],"FQA).":[132],"Then,":[133],"build":[135,256],"training":[137,148,199,203,213,249,263],"outputs":[141],"set":[149,204,278],"staking":[151,262],"testing":[152,162,206,210,222,251,277],"outcomes":[156],"set.":[163,211],"2,":[166],"three":[167,391],"are":[170,196],"produced":[171],"trains":[176],"evaluates":[178],"based":[179,187,311],"on":[180,188,312],"output":[182,234],"6":[184],"(RF,":[189],"LR,":[190],"DT,":[191],"SVM,":[192],"KNN,":[193],"NB)":[195],"combined":[197],"Stacking":[212],"meta-learners":[218,227],"evaluate":[226,282],"(RF).":[228],"Finally,":[229],"3,":[232],"prediction":[235],"FQA)":[246],"datasets":[252],"merged":[254],"new":[258],"dataset,":[259],"which":[260],"testing.":[266],"Training":[267],"meta-learner,":[274],"meta-learner":[284],"produce":[286],"final":[288],"prediction.":[289],"Our":[290],"research":[291],"also":[292],"aims":[293],"provide":[295],"explanations,":[297],"ensuring":[298],"efficiency,":[299],"effectiveness,":[300],"trust":[302],"through":[303],"explainable":[304],"artificial":[305],"intelligence":[306],"(XAI).":[307],"Feature":[308],"selection":[309],"optimization":[310],"Particle":[313],"Swarm":[314],"Optimization":[315],"select":[319],"most":[321],"appropriate":[322],"sub-scores.":[323],"shows":[327],"significant":[328],"potential":[329],"improving":[331],"early":[332],"diagnosis.":[334],"results":[336],"demonstrate":[337],"multi-modality":[340],"approach":[341],"outperforms":[342],"single-modality":[343],"approaches.":[344],"Moreover,":[345],"achieve":[351],"highest":[353],"performance":[354],"with":[355],"selected":[356],"features":[357],"compared":[358],"regular":[360],"ML":[361],"classifiers":[362],"full":[367],"multi-modalities,":[368],"achieving":[369],"accuracy,":[370],"precision,":[371],"recall,":[372],"F1-scores":[374],"92.08%,":[376,378],"92.07%,":[377],"92.01%":[380],"two":[382],"classes,":[383,392],"90.03%,":[385,387],"90.19%,":[386],"90.05%":[389],"respectively.":[393]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}