{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388274259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3327620","title":"Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection for the Internet of Things Using Hybrid Deep Learning Model","display_name":"Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection for the Internet of Things Using Hybrid Deep Learning Model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388274259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3327620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3327620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3327620","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10295488.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10295488.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067011495","display_name":"Ahmed Ahmim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5519-8868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288970718","display_name":"Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pn9tn44","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288970718"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Ahmim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University—Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5519-8868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University—Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288970718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012987955","display_name":"Faiz Maazouzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288970718","display_name":"Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pn9tn44","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288970718"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiz Maazouzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University—Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-9121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University—Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288970718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079215353","display_name":"Marwa Ahmim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-9711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108754898","display_name":"Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sf55932","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108754898"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwa Ahmim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Networks and Systems Laboratory, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-9711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Networks and Systems Laboratory, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108754898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006623051","display_name":"Sarra Namane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-5567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108754898","display_name":"Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sf55932","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108754898"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarra Namane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Networks and Systems Laboratory, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-5567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Networks and Systems Laboratory, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108754898"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062361489","display_name":"Imed Ben Dhaou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-0845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166928557","display_name":"University of Monastir","ror":"https://ror.org/00nhtcg76","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166928557"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132564352","display_name":"Dar Al-Hekma University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0jya04","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132564352"]}],"countries":["FI","SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imed Ben Dhaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hekma School of Engineering, Computing, and Design, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","Department of Technology, Higher Institute of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-0845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hekma School of Engineering, Computing, and Design, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132564352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, Higher Institute of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166928557"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":13.1389,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99312926,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"119862","last_page":"119875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9153000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8729673624038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7881159782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7800568342208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7675336599349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7549442648887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6677126884460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5976787209510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5578492879867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5576074719429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5148472189903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.49053043127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4862476587295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.37945452332496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22458496689796448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8729673624038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7881159782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7800568342208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7675336599349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7549442648887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6677126884460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5976787209510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5578492879867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5576074719429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5148472189903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.49053043127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4862476587295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.37945452332496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22458496689796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3327620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3327620","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10295488.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e13edc3d0f5e414a9d336e8025105c8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e13edc3d0f5e414a9d336e8025105c8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 119862-119875 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3327620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3327620","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10295488.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388274259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388274259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2131126403","https://openalex.org/W2154195006","https://openalex.org/W2190432600","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2330820318","https://openalex.org/W2597441556","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2890422370","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2941828467","https://openalex.org/W2951694401","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2969863169","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W3006912911","https://openalex.org/W3032266608","https://openalex.org/W3084346886","https://openalex.org/W3129632563","https://openalex.org/W3137718725","https://openalex.org/W3164037460","https://openalex.org/W3171551824","https://openalex.org/W3197959172","https://openalex.org/W3209469313","https://openalex.org/W3211772915","https://openalex.org/W3214529927","https://openalex.org/W4206281848","https://openalex.org/W4210326959","https://openalex.org/W4212808029","https://openalex.org/W4223479306","https://openalex.org/W4229050425","https://openalex.org/W4229333054","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4283793177","https://openalex.org/W4285274733","https://openalex.org/W4288061065","https://openalex.org/W4290717392","https://openalex.org/W4309185071","https://openalex.org/W4309635201","https://openalex.org/W4398864182","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685777803","https://openalex.org/W6868609752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,78],"result":[2],"of":[3,7,10,16,18,32,39,46,108,121,147,169,186,190,219,243],"the":[4,8,22,47,91,97,167,170,176,184,211,217,244],"widespread":[5],"adoption":[6],"Internet":[9],"Things,":[11],"there":[12],"are":[13,58],"now":[14],"hundreds":[15],"millions":[17],"connected":[19],"devices,":[20],"increasing":[21],"likelihood":[23],"that":[24,228],"they":[25],"may":[26],"be":[27],"vulnerable":[28],"to":[29,63,71,104,195,200],"various":[30,188,233],"types":[31,107,120,189],"cyberattacks.":[33],"In":[34],"recent":[35],"years,":[36],"distributed":[37],"denial":[38],"service":[40],"(DDoS)":[41],"has":[42],"emerged":[43],"as":[44,179],"one":[45,153],"most":[48],"destructive":[49],"tools":[50],"utilized":[51],"by":[52],"attackers.":[53],"Traditional":[54],"machine":[55,235],"learning":[56,123,236,239],"approaches":[57],"typically":[59],"ineffective":[60],"and":[61,136,237,254],"unable":[62],"cope":[64],"with":[65,111,160,175],"actual":[66],"traffic":[67],"properties":[68,199],"when":[69],"used":[70,210],"identify":[72],"DDoS":[73,109],"attacks.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"introduces":[77],"novel":[79],"deep":[80,122,191,238],"learning-based":[81],"intrusion":[82,221],"detection":[83,222,256],"system,":[84],"specifically":[85],"designed":[86],"for":[87],"deployment":[88],"at":[89],"either":[90],"Cloud":[92],"or":[93],"Fog":[94],"level":[95,165,173],"in":[96,241],"IoT":[98],"environment.":[99],"The":[100,151,163,181,224],"proposed":[101,142,230],"model":[102,117,143,231],"aims":[103],"detect":[105],"all":[106,216],"attacks":[110],"their":[112,197],"specific":[113,161],"subcategory.":[114],"Our":[115,141],"hybrid":[116],"combines":[118],"different":[119,155,198],"models,":[124],"including":[125],"Convolutional":[126],"Neural":[127,138],"Networks":[128,139],"(CNNs),":[129],"Long":[130],"Short-Term":[131],"Memory":[132],"(LSTM),":[133],"Deep":[134,137],"Autoencoder,":[135],"(DNNs).":[140],"is":[144,194],"made":[145],"up":[146],"two":[148],"main":[149],"levels.":[150],"first":[152,172],"contains":[154],"parallel":[156],"sub-neural":[157],"networks":[158,193],"trained":[159],"algorithms.":[162],"second":[164],"uses":[166],"output":[168],"frozen":[171],"combined":[174],"initial":[177],"data":[178],"input.":[180],"idea":[182],"behind":[183],"combination":[185],"these":[187],"neural":[192],"exploit":[196],"achieve":[201],"very":[202],"high":[203],"performance.":[204],"To":[205],"evaluate":[206],"our":[207,229],"model,":[208],"we":[209],"CIC-DDoS2019":[212],"dataset,":[213],"which":[214],"satisfies":[215],"constraints":[218],"an":[220],"dataset.":[223],"results":[225],"obtained":[226],"demonstrate":[227],"outperformed":[232],"well-known":[234],"models":[240],"terms":[242],"true":[245],"positive":[246],"rate,":[247,251],"accuracy,":[248,253],"false":[249],"alarm":[250],"average":[252,255],"rate.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}