{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387831756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3326152","title":"Unveiling the Future of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis: An Innovative Hybrid AI Approach for Accurate Histopathological Image Analysis","display_name":"Unveiling the Future of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis: An Innovative Hybrid AI Approach for Accurate Histopathological Image Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387831756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3326152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3326152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3326152","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10288489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10288489.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101763328","display_name":"Ihtisham Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1756-7954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ihtisham Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113028642","display_name":"Mehran Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008040544","display_name":"Muhammad Assam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154218","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Bannu","ror":"https://ror.org/04be2dn15","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Assam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Science & Technology Bannu, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Science & Technology Bannu, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154218"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091859381","display_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062081377","display_name":"Abdulmohsen Algarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7556-958X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmohsen Algarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101763328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.8293,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96994238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"118281","last_page":"118290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6793837547302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6704955697059631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6064761281013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-filter","display_name":"Gabor filter","score":0.5837241411209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.5382267236709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.48306065797805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.4347357153892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41103699803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35684165358543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10161527991294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.08109879493713379}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6793837547302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6704955697059631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6064761281013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779883129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447890","display_name":"Gabor filter","level":3,"score":0.5837241411209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5382267236709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.48306065797805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4347357153892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41103699803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35684165358543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10161527991294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.08109879493713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3326152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3326152","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10288489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9811ffecb5404d08a892a30ef5ecdd0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9811ffecb5404d08a892a30ef5ecdd0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 118281-118290 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3326152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3326152","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10288489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1380584810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R.G.P","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G988246856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R.G.P.2/549/44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387831756.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387831756.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2490627373","https://openalex.org/W2576404523","https://openalex.org/W2595132936","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2771199070","https://openalex.org/W2886083254","https://openalex.org/W2891484462","https://openalex.org/W2896760986","https://openalex.org/W2898227265","https://openalex.org/W2899427548","https://openalex.org/W2945414752","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W2989631814","https://openalex.org/W3006126258","https://openalex.org/W3007177728","https://openalex.org/W3044073403","https://openalex.org/W3092130642","https://openalex.org/W3119195445","https://openalex.org/W3137014685","https://openalex.org/W3160859502","https://openalex.org/W3211513285","https://openalex.org/W4280605685","https://openalex.org/W4318043430","https://openalex.org/W4378904793","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6750729320","https://openalex.org/W6755712434","https://openalex.org/W6794955937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W2127352224","https://openalex.org/W2139727660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oral":[0],"cancer":[1],"poses":[2],"a":[3,185],"formidable":[4],"global":[5],"health":[6],"threat,":[7],"demanding":[8],"urgent":[9],"attention":[10],"to":[11,49,90,120],"combat":[12],"its":[13],"devastating":[14],"impact.":[15],"Timely":[16],"detection":[17],"of":[18,41,66,94,167,188],"oral":[19],"squamous":[20],"cell":[21],"carcinoma":[22],"(OSCC)":[23],"is":[24],"pivotal":[25],"for":[26],"successful":[27],"treatment":[28],"and":[29,47,56,83,105,139,178,190],"improved":[30],"survival":[31],"rates.":[32],"However,":[33],"manual":[34],"histopathological":[35],"analysis,":[36],"reliant":[37],"on":[38],"the":[39,63,92,102,110,113,124,143,159],"expertise":[40],"medical":[42],"practitioners,":[43],"can":[44],"be":[45],"time-consuming":[46],"vulnerable":[48],"subjective":[50],"discrepancies.":[51],"To":[52],"surmount":[53],"these":[54,181],"challenges":[55],"elevate":[57],"diagnostic":[58],"outcomes,":[59],"this":[60],"research":[61],"explores":[62],"transformative":[64],"potential":[65],"artificial":[67],"intelligence":[68],"(AI)":[69],"in":[70],"OSCC":[71,192],"diagnosis.":[72,193],"Three":[73],"distinct":[74],"methodologies,":[75],"namely":[76],"Gabor":[77,103,148],"+":[78,81,86],"CatBoost,":[79,82,87,135],"ResNet50":[80,85,111,151],"Gabor+":[84],"were":[88],"implemented":[89],"leverage":[91],"power":[93],"AI.":[95],"By":[96],"extracting":[97],"32":[98],"low-level":[99],"features":[100,108,130],"from":[101,109],"Filter":[104],"100,532":[106],"high-level":[107],"model,":[112],"study":[114],"adopts":[115],"principal":[116],"component":[117],"analysis":[118],"(PCA)":[119],"mitigate":[121],"overfitting,":[122],"retaining":[123],"top":[125],"4096":[126],"components.":[127],"The":[128],"extracted":[129],"underwent":[131],"individual":[132],"classification":[133],"using":[134],"followed":[136],"by":[137],"concatenation":[138],"image":[140],"classification.":[141],"Remarkably,":[142],"third":[144],"strategy,":[145],"which":[146],"synergized":[147],"filtering":[149],"with":[150,155],"feature":[152],"extraction,":[153],"along":[154],"CatBoost":[156],"classification,":[157],"demonstrated":[158],"most":[160],"exceptional":[161],"performance.":[162],"Achieving":[163],"an":[164],"impressive":[165],"accuracy":[166],"94.92%,":[168],"95.51%":[169],"precision,":[170],"84.30%":[171],"sensitivity,":[172],"95.54%":[173],"specificity,":[174],"94.90%":[175],"F1":[176],"score,":[177],"94.9%":[179],"AUC,":[180],"AI-based":[182],"approaches":[183],"herald":[184],"new":[186],"era":[187],"accurate":[189],"efficient":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-20T07:46:08.049788","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}