{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387717477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325381","title":"A Novel Fuzzy Classifier Model for Cancer Classification Using Gene Expression Data","display_name":"A Novel Fuzzy Classifier Model for Cancer Classification Using Gene Expression Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387717477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325381","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286819.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286819.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025746154","display_name":"Mahmood Khalsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0398-5880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166455938","display_name":"University of Babylon","ror":"https://ror.org/0170edc15","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166455938"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35870678","display_name":"University of Northampton","ror":"https://ror.org/04jp2hx10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}],"countries":["GB","IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahmood Khalsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K","Computer Science Department, University of Babylon, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0398-5880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Babylon, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166455938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101598888","display_name":"Mu Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-7959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35870678","display_name":"University of Northampton","ror":"https://ror.org/04jp2hx10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1931-7959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062494803","display_name":"Eman S. Al-Shamery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-7629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166455938","display_name":"University of Babylon","ror":"https://ror.org/0170edc15","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166455938"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Salih Al-Shamery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Information Technology, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-7629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Information Technology, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166455938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008386824","display_name":"Suraj Ajit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7603-570X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35870678","display_name":"University of Northampton","ror":"https://ror.org/04jp2hx10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suraj Ajit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7603-570X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032870666","display_name":"Lee R. Machado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7974-2178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35870678","display_name":"University of Northampton","ror":"https://ror.org/04jp2hx10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee R. Machado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Physical Activity and Life Science, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7974-2178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Physical Activity and Life Science, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035218478","display_name":"Michael Opoku Agyeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-4451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35870678","display_name":"University of Northampton","ror":"https://ror.org/04jp2hx10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Opoku Agyeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-4451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research Group, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025746154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166455938","https://openalex.org/I35870678"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.3847,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89027884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"115161","last_page":"115178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7271478176116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6825485229492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6518406867980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5655089616775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5588247776031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5462195873260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-selection","display_name":"Gene selection","score":0.5064464807510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45290595293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4514167308807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.4141848087310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.23351392149925232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression","display_name":"Gene expression","score":0.16051366925239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarray-analysis-techniques","display_name":"Microarray analysis techniques","score":0.15828117728233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.1024632453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.09635084867477417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7271478176116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6825485229492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6518406867980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5655089616775513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5588247776031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5462195873260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984324147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080021","display_name":"Gene selection","level":5,"score":0.5064464807510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45290595293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4514167308807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.4141848087310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.23351392149925232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.16051366925239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8415881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839217","display_name":"Microarray analysis techniques","level":4,"score":0.15828117728233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1024632453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.09635084867477417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325381","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286819.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nectar.northampton.ac.uk:20566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196393","display_name":"NECTAR - Northampton Electronic Collection of Thesis and Research (University of Northampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35870678","host_organization_name":"University of Northampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35870678"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c9b3a1372204a889068d28c19d98008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c9b3a1372204a889068d28c19d98008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 115161-115178 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325381","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286819.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387717477.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387717477.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570296396","https://openalex.org/W2020541351","https://openalex.org/W2077092210","https://openalex.org/W2118258530","https://openalex.org/W2158485828","https://openalex.org/W2160512430","https://openalex.org/W2230939080","https://openalex.org/W2346848267","https://openalex.org/W2770808765","https://openalex.org/W2791756735","https://openalex.org/W2904997929","https://openalex.org/W2955141036","https://openalex.org/W3002469388","https://openalex.org/W3003663164","https://openalex.org/W3022907945","https://openalex.org/W3038013852","https://openalex.org/W3091109948","https://openalex.org/W4200075411","https://openalex.org/W4210598545","https://openalex.org/W4280561352","https://openalex.org/W4280589656","https://openalex.org/W4285271528","https://openalex.org/W4290692635","https://openalex.org/W4321499773","https://openalex.org/W6783742225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023474976","https://openalex.org/W2380784125","https://openalex.org/W3004057759","https://openalex.org/W2889085215","https://openalex.org/W2914806737","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W33196642","https://openalex.org/W1995862559","https://openalex.org/W3120424762","https://openalex.org/W4323967384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,14,20,28,51,70,78,152,163,168,182,194,204,224,227],"pursuit":[2],"of":[3,23,31,72,134,196,226],"better":[4],"cancer":[5,137,234],"classification,":[6,138],"many":[7],"studies":[8],"have":[9],"been":[10],"conducted":[11],"to":[12,38,93,116,162,207,230],"identify":[13],"genes":[15,34,95,133],"associated":[16],"with":[17,167],"cancer.":[18],"However,":[19],"high":[21],"dimensionality":[22],"gene":[24,42,47,74],"expression":[25],"data":[26],"and":[27,91,104,110,211,223],"limited":[29],"relevance":[30],"a":[32,60,121,176],"few":[33],"pose":[35],"significant":[36],"challenges":[37],"this":[39,56],"endeavor.":[40],"Existing":[41],"selection":[43,75,86],"methods":[44,76,101],"yield":[45],"divergent":[46],"lists,":[48],"further":[49],"complicating":[50],"classification":[52],"process.":[53],"To":[54,171],"overcome":[55],"issue,":[57],"we":[58,174],"developed":[59,82,175],"novel":[61,177,191],"approach":[62,129,192],"called":[63],"Fuzzy":[64,178,205,215],"Gene":[65],"Selection":[66],"(FGS),":[67],"which":[68],"combines":[69,193],"strengths":[71,195],"various":[73],"in":[77,131,136,140,148,221],"field.":[79],"FGS":[80],"was":[81],"using":[83],"three":[84],"feature":[85],"techniques":[87,112],"(Mutual":[88],"Information,":[89],"F-ClassIf,":[90],"Chi-squared)":[92],"rank":[94],"based":[96],"on":[97],"their":[98],"importance.":[99],"These":[100],"generated":[102],"scores":[103,119],"rankings":[105],"for":[106,125,155],"each":[107,126,185],"gene.":[108,127],"Fuzzification":[109],"Defuzzification":[111],"were":[113],"then":[114],"applied":[115],"combine":[117],"these":[118],"into":[120],"single":[122],"best":[123],"score":[124],"This":[128,190],"aids":[130],"identifying":[132],"significance":[135],"especially":[139],"multi-class":[141],"scenarios.":[142],"Classifiers":[143],"often":[144],"produce":[145],"convergent":[146],"decisions":[147],"such":[149],"cases,":[150],"where":[151],"predicted":[153,165],"probabilities":[154],"different":[156,233],"classes":[157],"do":[158],"not":[159],"always":[160],"correspond":[161],"correct":[164],"class":[166],"highest":[169],"probability.":[170],"address":[172],"this,":[173],"classifier":[179,206,216],"that":[180],"leverages":[181],"contributions":[183],"from":[184],"node\u2019s":[186],"traditional":[187,197],"deep":[188,198],"classifier.":[189],"classifiers":[199],"at":[200],"individual":[201],"nodes,":[202],"enabling":[203],"make":[208],"more":[209],"robust":[210],"informed":[212],"predictions.":[213],"The":[214],"(FC)":[217],"has":[218],"demonstrated":[219],"improvements":[220],"accuracy":[222],"generalization":[225],"proposed":[228],"algorithm":[229],"accurately":[231],"classify":[232],"types.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T08:42:23.175194","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}