{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387717551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325292","title":"Short-Term Solar Irradiance Forecasting Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Comprehensive Case Study","display_name":"Short-Term Solar Irradiance Forecasting Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Comprehensive Case Study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387717551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325292","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286816.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286816.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012432701","display_name":"Salwan Tajjour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5916-9626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133311","display_name":"Shoolini University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe2fg84","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133311"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salwan Tajjour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence in Energy Science and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5916-9626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence in Energy Science and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054966176","display_name":"Shyam Singh Chandel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2005-0155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133311","display_name":"Shoolini University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe2fg84","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133311"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyam Singh Chandel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence in Energy Science and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence in Energy Science and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091645870","display_name":"Majed A. Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-7471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majed A. Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-7471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026567808","display_name":"Hasmat Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasmat Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia","Faculty of Engineering, Division of Electrical Power Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-9734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Division of Electrical Power Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024338342","display_name":"Fausto Pedro Garc\u0131\u0301a M\u00e1rquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9245-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fausto Pedro Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ingenium Research Group, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9245-440X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingenium Research Group, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002703530","display_name":"Asyraf Afthanorhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51569856","display_name":"Sultan Zainal Abidin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bnk2e50","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51569856"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asyraf Afthanorhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-9062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51569856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012432701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133311"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.5416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98771326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"119851","last_page":"119861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-irradiance","display_name":"Solar irradiance","score":0.842568039894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.714928388595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6246703863143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5357889533042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.5219064354896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energy","display_name":"Solar energy","score":0.500190019607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.49551188945770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4691328704357147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4517029821872711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"Photovoltaics","score":0.4320666790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34927046298980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.3452067971229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29516226053237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1490556299686432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9695528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556707","display_name":"Solar irradiance","level":2,"score":0.842568039894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.714928388595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6246703863143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5357889533042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5219064354896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.500190019607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.49551188945770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4691328704357147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4517029821872711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542589376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127","display_name":"Photovoltaics","level":3,"score":0.4320666790008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34927046298980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.3452067971229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29516226053237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1490556299686432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325292","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286816.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:78e6065e8ca24ccf8a4f88fac5615685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/78e6065e8ca24ccf8a4f88fac5615685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 119851-119861 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3325292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3325292","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10286816.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7336839324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSP2023R278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387717551.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387717551.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1179171804","https://openalex.org/W1181913259","https://openalex.org/W1948956962","https://openalex.org/W1981587612","https://openalex.org/W1991999968","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2019814461","https://openalex.org/W2031939255","https://openalex.org/W2062184314","https://openalex.org/W2063979354","https://openalex.org/W2076458415","https://openalex.org/W2089487480","https://openalex.org/W2153175287","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2290278443","https://openalex.org/W2339260026","https://openalex.org/W2562861021","https://openalex.org/W2569349941","https://openalex.org/W2585717215","https://openalex.org/W2763133679","https://openalex.org/W2792326773","https://openalex.org/W2892650958","https://openalex.org/W2939806510","https://openalex.org/W2944920662","https://openalex.org/W2946596023","https://openalex.org/W2949833839","https://openalex.org/W2966305977","https://openalex.org/W2968516859","https://openalex.org/W2972425174","https://openalex.org/W2980189150","https://openalex.org/W2982118449","https://openalex.org/W2983566047","https://openalex.org/W2991081473","https://openalex.org/W2997163251","https://openalex.org/W2998639137","https://openalex.org/W3002653282","https://openalex.org/W3004513422","https://openalex.org/W3005829171","https://openalex.org/W3008593201","https://openalex.org/W3013938526","https://openalex.org/W3016497199","https://openalex.org/W3019963868","https://openalex.org/W3075674906","https://openalex.org/W3086173146","https://openalex.org/W3091474373","https://openalex.org/W3092196861","https://openalex.org/W3100504477","https://openalex.org/W3111518852","https://openalex.org/W3129446376","https://openalex.org/W3175432248","https://openalex.org/W3180765063","https://openalex.org/W3210818346","https://openalex.org/W4212836527","https://openalex.org/W4283751601","https://openalex.org/W4309002016","https://openalex.org/W4385275334","https://openalex.org/W6790355520","https://openalex.org/W6798160921","https://openalex.org/W6838738489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530649511","https://openalex.org/W3104379783","https://openalex.org/W2131174359","https://openalex.org/W4322211974","https://openalex.org/W2884263184","https://openalex.org/W2995848355","https://openalex.org/W1749313231","https://openalex.org/W3201088759","https://openalex.org/W2023949803","https://openalex.org/W1578057650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"estimation":[1],"of":[2,68,77,101,133,158,163],"solar":[3,9,18,58,108,167],"irradiance":[4,59,168],"is":[5,71,89,144,162],"required":[6],"for":[7,28,57,81,104,139,165,170],"many":[8],"energy":[10],"applications":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"photovoltaics,":[14],"water":[15],"heating,":[16],"cooking,":[17],"microgrids,":[19],"etc.":[20],"Deep":[21],"Learning":[22],"techniques":[23,45,53],"have":[24,116],"shown":[25],"outstanding":[26],"behaviour":[27],"analysing":[29],"complex":[30],"datasets":[31],"efficiently":[32],"with":[33,121],"high":[34],"accuracy.":[35],"Multi-Layer":[36],"Perceptron,":[37],"Long-Short":[38],"Term":[39],"Memory,":[40],"and":[41,83,135],"Gated":[42],"Recurrent":[43],"Unit":[44],"are":[46],"found":[47,145],"to":[48,91,96,127,146,153],"be":[49,147],"the":[50,55,93,98,102,118,131,136,148],"most":[51,149],"competitive":[52],"in":[54,62],"literature":[56],"forecasting.":[60],"Therefore,":[61],"this":[63],"study,":[64],"a":[65,122,155],"comparative":[66],"analysis":[67],"those":[69],"models":[70,103,115],"carried":[72],"out":[73],"using":[74,154],"eleven":[75],"years":[76],"NASA":[78],"satellite":[79],"data":[80],"training":[82,134],"testing.":[84],"The":[85,110,142,160],"grid":[86],"search":[87],"technique":[88],"used":[90],"optimize":[92],"networks":[94],"architectures":[95],"ensure":[97],"best":[99],"performance":[100],"forecasting":[105,169],"daily":[106],"global":[107],"irradiance.":[109],"results":[111],"show":[112],"that":[113],"all":[114],"almost":[117],"same":[119],"accuracy":[120],"mean":[123],"square":[124],"error":[125],"close":[126],"0.017":[128],"kWh/m2/day.":[129],"However,":[130],"speed":[132],"complexity":[137],"differ":[138],"each":[140],"model.":[141],"MLP":[143],"efficient":[150],"model":[151],"due":[152],"low":[156],"number":[157],"parameters.":[159],"study":[161],"importance":[164],"reliable":[166],"any":[171],"location":[172],"worldwide.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}