{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387448600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3322727","title":"Millimeter Wave Real-Time Tracking and Imaging of Moving Objects Based on Virtual MIMO Array and State Vector Prediction","display_name":"Millimeter Wave Real-Time Tracking and Imaging of Moving Objects Based on Virtual MIMO Array and State Vector Prediction","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387448600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3322727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3322727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3322727","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10273996.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10273996.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103037542","display_name":"Didi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3336-684X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Didi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3336-684X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005880086","display_name":"Weihua Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8974-0763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing, China","School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8974-0763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017523257","display_name":"Bowu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-245X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021733101","display_name":"Songzhuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9754-1582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songzhuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Wave Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.9052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94042054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"115854","last_page":"115864"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7515984773635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5859577059745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5301286578178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5270766615867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-target","display_name":"Point target","score":0.5118526816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5016438961029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.499711275100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.46967774629592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.447894424200058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4465809762477875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4099385142326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4033694863319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.37965214252471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.1758643388748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.17166516184806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16253209114074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11562028527259827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7515984773635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5859577059745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5301286578178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5270766615867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208292","display_name":"Point target","level":3,"score":0.5118526816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5016438961029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.499711275100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.46967774629592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.447894424200058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4465809762477875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4099385142326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4033694863319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.37965214252471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.1758643388748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.17166516184806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16253209114074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11562028527259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3322727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3322727","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10273996.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7a70e750db44ffe9933f752a9070266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7a70e750db44ffe9933f752a9070266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 115854-115864 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3322727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3322727","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10273996.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3568124118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20590730400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335968","funder_display_name":"Scientific and Innovative Action Plan of Shanghai"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335968","display_name":"Scientific and Innovative Action Plan of Shanghai","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387448600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387448600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502250341","https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W1566144858","https://openalex.org/W1599703818","https://openalex.org/W1984600520","https://openalex.org/W2013865857","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2030578043","https://openalex.org/W2043906693","https://openalex.org/W2066170670","https://openalex.org/W2067047852","https://openalex.org/W2071842200","https://openalex.org/W2074873696","https://openalex.org/W2084663748","https://openalex.org/W2093343221","https://openalex.org/W2102028410","https://openalex.org/W2112668878","https://openalex.org/W2133518969","https://openalex.org/W2150558863","https://openalex.org/W2155684415","https://openalex.org/W2529709694","https://openalex.org/W2581737790","https://openalex.org/W2765382881","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2911486422","https://openalex.org/W2911529145","https://openalex.org/W2920459301","https://openalex.org/W2997785052","https://openalex.org/W2997814983","https://openalex.org/W3008105217","https://openalex.org/W3011148091","https://openalex.org/W3019478351","https://openalex.org/W3039448353","https://openalex.org/W3172818029","https://openalex.org/W4285116427","https://openalex.org/W6630224431","https://openalex.org/W6772253573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W2936725271","https://openalex.org/W3150655618","https://openalex.org/W2142374187","https://openalex.org/W3177020083","https://openalex.org/W2069451901","https://openalex.org/W2582184946","https://openalex.org/W1541416040","https://openalex.org/W1942597944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter":[0,18],"wave":[1,19,76],"imaging":[2,21,39,66,85,111],"systems":[3],"are":[4,61],"being":[5],"rapidly":[6,186],"applied":[7],"to":[8,32,42,95,154,172],"indoor":[9],"security,":[10],"industrial":[11],"nondestructive":[12],"evaluation":[13],"and":[14,55,67,87,99,117,137,141,156,188,201],"automotive":[15],"radar":[16],"systems.":[17],"real-time":[20,38],"is":[22,91,135,148,152,170,208],"the":[23,36,65,123,126,129,133,138,142,146,158,174,182,202],"ultimate":[24],"goal":[25],"of":[26,47,70,80,125,132,145,198],"many":[27],"applications.":[28],"However,":[29],"in":[30,73],"order":[31],"achieve":[33,96],"high":[34,52,56],"resolution,":[35],"current":[37,74],"system":[40],"needs":[41],"integrate":[43],"a":[44,92,106,165,195],"large":[45],"number":[46],"transceiver":[48],"antennas,":[49],"which":[50],"has":[51],"hardware":[53],"complexity":[54],"cost.":[57],"In":[58,162],"addition,":[59],"there":[60],"few":[62],"researches":[63],"on":[64,114],"tracking":[68,110],"solutions":[69],"moving":[71,191],"targets":[72],"millimeter":[75],"imaging.":[77],"The":[78,177],"combination":[79],"spatial":[81],"point":[82,108,160],"cloud":[83,109],"mapping":[84],"technology":[86],"virtual":[88,115,127,167],"MIMO":[89,168],"array":[90,116,169],"good":[93],"compromise":[94],"short":[97],"time":[98,197],"low":[100],"complexity.":[101],"Therefore,":[102],"this":[103,163],"paper":[104],"proposes":[105],"high-speed":[107],"algorithm":[112],"based":[113],"target":[118,134,147,159,204],"state":[119,143],"vector":[120,140,144],"prediction.":[121],"Through":[122],"configuration":[124],"array,":[128],"reflection":[130],"data":[131],"processed":[136],"space":[139],"determined.":[149],"Kalman":[150],"filter":[151],"used":[153,171],"predict":[155],"track":[157,190],"cloud.":[161],"paper,":[164],"3\u00d74":[166],"test":[173],"proposed":[175,183],"method.":[176],"experimental":[178],"results":[179],"show":[180],"that":[181],"method":[184],"can":[185],"image":[187],"continuously":[189],"human":[192],"objects":[193],"with":[194],"delay":[196],"100":[199],"ms,":[200],"predicted":[203],"movement":[205],"trajectory":[206],"error":[207],"less":[209],"than":[210],"15":[211],"cm.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}