{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387350613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3321659","title":"Non-Contact Respiration Rate Measurement From Thermal Images Using Multi-Resolution Window and Phase-Sensitive Processing","display_name":"Non-Contact Respiration Rate Measurement From Thermal Images Using Multi-Resolution Window and Phase-Sensitive Processing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387350613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3321659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3321659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3321659","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10271367.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10271367.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100735700","display_name":"Ji\u2010Won Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4508-8438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwon Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4508-8438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052464835","display_name":"Kyeong Taek Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyeong-Taek Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054962237","display_name":"Oyun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9092-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oyun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9092-2812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000945120","display_name":"Junhwan Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-3895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hwan Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-3895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045994318","display_name":"Jeongmin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-8012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeongmin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-8012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027840193","display_name":"Sun Kook Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-4686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun K. Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-4686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7146,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66621849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"112706","last_page":"112718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6328555941581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5840691328048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.5475566983222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5387976765632629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4747381806373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.44901061058044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.4371856153011322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.3028252124786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.19298985600471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.10244354605674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10238146781921387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6328555941581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5840691328048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.5475566983222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5387976765632629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4747381806373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.44901061058044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.4371856153011322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.3028252124786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.19298985600471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.10244354605674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10238146781921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3321659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3321659","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10271367.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c092851598b447e99cafcd1bd04e502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c092851598b447e99cafcd1bd04e502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 112706-112718 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3321659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3321659","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10271367.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5890919094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HW20C2151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318847","funder_display_name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5936496007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HW20C2151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318847","display_name":"Korea Medical Device Development Fund","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387350613.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387350613.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001565257","https://openalex.org/W2054878302","https://openalex.org/W2132904166","https://openalex.org/W2138968807","https://openalex.org/W2139284748","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2301144328","https://openalex.org/W2311076884","https://openalex.org/W2425118219","https://openalex.org/W2437603148","https://openalex.org/W2460397011","https://openalex.org/W2471084824","https://openalex.org/W2516749401","https://openalex.org/W2606545876","https://openalex.org/W2795340004","https://openalex.org/W2889717020","https://openalex.org/W2890323852","https://openalex.org/W2927262723","https://openalex.org/W2939797706","https://openalex.org/W3011844284","https://openalex.org/W3012235696","https://openalex.org/W3031406489","https://openalex.org/W3041139715","https://openalex.org/W3048648033","https://openalex.org/W3081111488","https://openalex.org/W3085439927","https://openalex.org/W3094968847","https://openalex.org/W3099822090","https://openalex.org/W3111764306","https://openalex.org/W3118786207","https://openalex.org/W3136267091","https://openalex.org/W3165503764","https://openalex.org/W3167495372","https://openalex.org/W4205774012","https://openalex.org/W4220761448","https://openalex.org/W4220807939","https://openalex.org/W4220941669","https://openalex.org/W4285289565","https://openalex.org/W4295514735","https://openalex.org/W4322630368","https://openalex.org/W4360863138","https://openalex.org/W4361026522","https://openalex.org/W6778944879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210376836","https://openalex.org/W4210925376","https://openalex.org/W1633995705","https://openalex.org/W2596211269","https://openalex.org/W197862639","https://openalex.org/W2360384790","https://openalex.org/W4232397253","https://openalex.org/W4235913033","https://openalex.org/W2109284253","https://openalex.org/W2039966832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,77],"presents":[2],"a":[3,10,15,82,107,191,223,264,271],"method":[4,105,285],"for":[5,39,85,235,240,305],"measuring":[6],"human":[7],"respiration":[8,41],"using":[9,24,120,169],"thermal":[11,83,116,124,136],"camera.":[12],"Respiration,":[13],"being":[14,280],"commonly":[16],"monitored":[17],"biomedical":[18],"signal,":[19,184],"has":[20],"traditionally":[21],"been":[22],"measured":[23],"contact-based":[25],"methods,":[26],"which":[27,185],"can":[28],"cause":[29],"discomfort":[30],"and":[31,89,111,126,208,237,248,270,282,298],"skin":[32],"damage":[33],"to":[34,43,62,154,199,293],"patients.":[35],"With":[36],"the":[37,47,63,79,97,127,133,148,155,166,170,179,182,209,215,220,257,261,294],"need":[38],"non-contact":[40,56,86],"measurement":[42],"prevent":[44],"infection":[45],"in":[46,54,58,96,147,187,289,307,318],"post-COVID-19":[48],"era,":[49],"previous":[50],"studies":[51],"encountered":[52],"challenges":[53],"applying":[55],"methods":[57],"clinical":[59,308],"settings":[60],"due":[61],"distortion":[64],"of":[65,81,99,135,144,181,225,268,277,296],"respiratory":[66,91,101,128,157],"signals":[67],"caused":[68],"by":[69],"high-dimensional":[70],"filters.":[71],"To":[72,218],"address":[73],"these":[74],"limitations,":[75],"this":[76],"proposes":[78],"use":[80],"camera":[84],"data":[87,196],"acquisition":[88],"accurate":[90],"rate":[92],"(RR)":[93],"prediction,":[94],"even":[95],"presence":[98],"noisy":[100],"signals.":[102],"The":[103,138,159,175,194,253],"proposed":[104,221,258],"leverages":[106],"multi-resolution":[108],"window":[109],"(MW)":[110],"phase-sensitive":[112],"(PS)":[113],"processing.":[114,300],"Specifically,":[115],"images":[117],"are":[118],"captured":[119],"an":[121],"infrared":[122],"(IR)":[123],"camera,":[125],"signal":[129],"is":[130,151,163,186,197,211],"extracted":[131,156],"from":[132],"series":[134],"images.":[137],"MW":[139,161,297],"method,":[140],"employing":[141],"three":[142],"windows":[143],"different":[145],"sizes":[146],"time":[149],"domain,":[150],"then":[152],"applied":[153],"signal.":[158],"resulting":[160],"output":[162],"transformed":[164],"into":[165],"frequency":[167],"domain":[168],"Fourier":[171],"synchro-squeezed":[172],"transform":[173],"(FSST).":[174],"PS":[176,299],"processing":[177],"involves":[178],"multiplication":[180],"converted":[183],"polar":[188],"form":[189],"after":[190],"phasor":[192],"operation.":[193],"processed":[195],"utilized":[198],"train":[200],"two":[201],"bidirectional":[202],"Long":[203],"Short-Term":[204],"Memory":[205],"(bi-LSTM)":[206],"networks,":[207],"RR":[210],"calculated":[212],"based":[213],"on":[214],"trained":[216],"model.":[217],"validate":[219],"model,":[222],"total":[224],"37":[226],"surgical":[227],"patients":[228,233,239,313],"were":[229,246,251],"involved,":[230],"with":[231,314],"20":[232],"used":[234],"training":[236],"17":[238],"testing.":[241],"Six":[242],"deep":[243],"learning":[244],"models":[245],"designed":[247],"their":[249],"performances":[250],"compared.":[252],"results":[254],"indicate":[255],"that":[256],"model":[259],"outperformed":[260],"others,":[262],"achieving":[263],"test":[265],"classification":[266],"accuracy":[267,288],"98.06%":[269],"root":[272],"mean":[273],"square":[274],"error":[275],"(RMSE)":[276],"0.381.":[278],"Despite":[279],"non-invasive":[281],"non-contact,":[283],"our":[284],"demonstrates":[286],"high":[287],"predicting":[290],"RR,":[291],"attributed":[292],"utilization":[295],"Therefore,":[301],"it":[302],"holds":[303],"potential":[304],"application":[306],"environments,":[309],"such":[310],"as":[311],"monitoring":[312],"pulmonary":[315],"diseases":[316],"or":[317],"intensive":[319],"care":[320],"units":[321],"(ICUs).":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}