{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387129538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3320277","title":"Secured Authentication of RFID Devices Using Lightweight Block Ciphers on FPGA Platforms","display_name":"Secured Authentication of RFID Devices Using Lightweight Block Ciphers on FPGA Platforms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387129538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3320277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3320277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3320277","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10266336.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10266336.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001167176","display_name":"R. Anusha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anusha R","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India","Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India, 574110"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5204-8442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India, 574110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005913604","display_name":"Raghavendra Rao P","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-1333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raghavendra Rao P","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India, 574110","Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-1333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nitte (Deemed to be University), NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, India, 574110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063848883","display_name":"Pratheksha Rai N","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratheksha Rai N","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, A. J. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, A. J. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001167176","https://openalex.org/A5005913604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553","https://openalex.org/I164861460"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8769,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71439452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"107472","last_page":"107479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8350188732147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modelsim","display_name":"ModelSim","score":0.7536913752555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6417554616928101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5951529741287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-identification","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","score":0.5786204934120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.529167890548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verilog","display_name":"Verilog","score":0.4941306412220001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.472027450799942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.4548150300979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4307454228401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4197239279747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4130597710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39032989740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vhdl","display_name":"VHDL","score":0.3473273813724518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13332095742225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09539607167243958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8350188732147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3317826","display_name":"ModelSim","level":4,"score":0.7536913752555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6417554616928101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5951529741287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204222849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","level":2,"score":0.5786204934120178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.529167890548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827773","display_name":"Verilog","level":3,"score":0.4941306412220001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.472027450799942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.4548150300979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4307454228401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4197239279747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4130597710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39032989740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36941000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209455","display_name":"VHDL","level":3,"score":0.3473273813724518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13332095742225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09539607167243958}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3320277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3320277","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10266336.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57424f0dbbb1441aab1212fa04e9c9d4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57424f0dbbb1441aab1212fa04e9c9d4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 107472-107479 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3320277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3320277","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10266336.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387129538.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387129538.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487782177","https://openalex.org/W1638546798","https://openalex.org/W2022142890","https://openalex.org/W2026123066","https://openalex.org/W2128563029","https://openalex.org/W2492895334","https://openalex.org/W2588670755","https://openalex.org/W2606231755","https://openalex.org/W2777664851","https://openalex.org/W2786914706","https://openalex.org/W2808493188","https://openalex.org/W2944442444","https://openalex.org/W3037811204","https://openalex.org/W3041096851","https://openalex.org/W3042194375","https://openalex.org/W3083462945","https://openalex.org/W3093972518","https://openalex.org/W3142431541","https://openalex.org/W3169739459","https://openalex.org/W3169847528","https://openalex.org/W3186786877","https://openalex.org/W3200189006","https://openalex.org/W3201792131","https://openalex.org/W3209145693","https://openalex.org/W4225985989","https://openalex.org/W4285181292","https://openalex.org/W4317815240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2810194576","https://openalex.org/W2355127684","https://openalex.org/W2347617805","https://openalex.org/W2904030123","https://openalex.org/W2389765791","https://openalex.org/W2376722244","https://openalex.org/W4297665406","https://openalex.org/W2749962643","https://openalex.org/W2377898907","https://openalex.org/W2376047108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Near":[0],"Field":[1],"Communication":[2],"(NFC)":[3],"has":[4,253],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,245],"a":[7,63,66,125,217,256],"pivotal":[8],"wireless":[9],"technology":[10,52],"for":[11,41,92],"short-range":[12],"data":[13],"exchange":[14],"between":[15,44,62,129],"devices,":[16,94],"including":[17],"smartphones":[18],"and":[19,26,65,70,88,107,132,140,152,156,165,193,213,235,248,266],"wearables.":[20],"Leveraging":[21],"Radio":[22,54],"Frequency":[23,55],"(RF)":[24],"signals":[25],"robust":[27],"authentication,":[28],"NFC":[29,51],"ensures":[30],"secure":[31,89,126],"communication":[32,60,127],"in":[33,76],"proximity.":[34],"Mutual":[35],"authentication":[36,81,158,267],"(MA)":[37],"holds":[38],"paramount":[39],"importance":[40],"establishing":[42],"trust":[43],"device":[45],"pairs.":[46],"A":[47],"prime":[48],"example":[49],"of":[50,146,162],"is":[53,119,201,214],"Identification":[56],"(RFID),":[57],"wherein":[58],"seamless":[59],"occurs":[61],"reader":[64],"tag.":[67],"However,":[68],"security":[69],"privacy":[71],"concerns":[72],"are":[73],"critical":[74,241],"factors":[75],"RFID":[77,93,130],"systems,":[78],"necessitating":[79],"effective":[80],"protocols.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"introduces":[85],"an":[86],"efficient":[87],"MA":[90],"mechanism":[91],"using":[95,112,138,203],"lightweight":[96],"block":[97,115],"ciphers":[98],"(LBCs).":[99],"Specifically,":[100],"the":[101,108,113,135,147,171,175,178,182,210,226,240],"extended":[102],"tiny":[103],"encryption":[104],"algorithm":[105,110,180,200],"(XTEA)":[106],"hummingbird":[109],"(HBA)":[111],"cipher":[114],"chaining":[116],"(CBC)":[117],"mode":[118],"designed.":[120],"These":[121],"tailored":[122],"algorithms":[123],"establish":[124],"channel":[128],"tags":[131],"readers.":[133],"Notably,":[134],"proposed":[136,179,199,230],"RFID-MA":[137,172],"XTEA":[139,176],"HBA":[141],"occupies":[142],"less":[143],"than":[144],"2%":[145],"chip":[148,183],"area,":[149],"encompassing":[150],"slices":[151],"lookup":[153],"tables":[154],"(LUTs),":[155],"achieves":[157],"with":[159,263],"execution":[160,194],"times":[161],"11.6":[163],"\u03bcs":[164],"1.34\u03bcs,":[166],"respectively.":[167],"In":[168],"comparison":[169],"to":[170],"approach":[173],"employing":[174],"methodology,":[177],"reduces":[181],"area":[184],"overhead":[185],"by":[186,191,196],"24.6%,":[187],"total":[188],"power":[189],"consumption":[190],"3.5%,":[192],"time":[195],"88.36%.":[197],"The":[198,229],"implemented":[202],"Verilog":[204],"hardware":[205,242],"description":[206],"language":[207],"(HDL)":[208],"within":[209],"Xilinx":[211],"environment":[212],"realized":[215],"on":[216],"Artix-7":[218],"field":[219],"programmable":[220],"gate":[221],"array":[222],"(FPGA)":[223],"platform,":[224],"utilizing":[225],"ModelSim":[227],"simulator.":[228],"research":[231],"extensively":[232],"presents":[233],"simulation":[234],"synthesis":[236],"results":[237],"while":[238],"considering":[239],"constraints":[243],"such":[244],"time,":[246],"power,":[247],"area.":[249],"Furthermore,":[250],"this":[251],"study":[252],"also":[254],"conducted":[255],"comprehensive":[257],"performance":[258],"analysis,":[259],"comparing":[260],"essential":[261],"metrics":[262],"existing":[264],"LBC":[265],"methodologies,":[268],"showcasing":[269],"substantial":[270],"improvements.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
