{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386951800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318433","title":"Optimizations of Privacy-Preserving DNN for Low-Latency Inference on Encrypted Data","display_name":"Optimizations of Privacy-Preserving DNN for Low-Latency Inference on Encrypted Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386951800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318433","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261183.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261183.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022003805","display_name":"Hyunhoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-7941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunhoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-7941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048891431","display_name":"Youngjoo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2467-8276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngjoo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2467-8276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7931,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7683749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"104775","last_page":"104788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8679565191268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.706150472164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6952604055404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5848520398139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.5415113568305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.45201075077056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.451376348733902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.4491198658943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.42611101269721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34541723132133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32212477922439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12554752826690674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8679565191268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.706150472164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6952604055404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5848520398139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.5415113568305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.45201075077056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.451376348733902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.4491198658943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.42611101269721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34541723132133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32212477922439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12554752826690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318433","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261183.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee3f9a9c78fe4c2883b4c1840dbef5d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee3f9a9c78fe4c2883b4c1840dbef5d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 104775-104788 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318433","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261183.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1828560958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00779","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G800852373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00779","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386951800.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386951800.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2766371994","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794974431","https://openalex.org/W2892009249","https://openalex.org/W2896938420","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2952826183","https://openalex.org/W2955401130","https://openalex.org/W2963155035","https://openalex.org/W2971382311","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3033405216","https://openalex.org/W3034845783","https://openalex.org/W3035501883","https://openalex.org/W3094696138","https://openalex.org/W3102723029","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3131666037","https://openalex.org/W3134830965","https://openalex.org/W3164718750","https://openalex.org/W3167759213","https://openalex.org/W3170873418","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4226460675","https://openalex.org/W4290802460","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4297094717","https://openalex.org/W4297799122","https://openalex.org/W4297952240","https://openalex.org/W4365146594","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6728897251","https://openalex.org/W6743428213","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6745448519","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6756133136","https://openalex.org/W6757619422","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779950909","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6791006962","https://openalex.org/W6792098723","https://openalex.org/W6796722767","https://openalex.org/W6811738851","https://openalex.org/W6840972530","https://openalex.org/W7067201269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W3205411230","https://openalex.org/W4286899009","https://openalex.org/W9168048","https://openalex.org/W4300849822","https://openalex.org/W4376480820","https://openalex.org/W3155891479","https://openalex.org/W3029351463","https://openalex.org/W4308600690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Homomorphic":[0],"encryption":[1],"(HE)":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4,23],"the":[5,24,30,50,91,98,114,122,131,139,148,156,162,175],"CKKS":[6],"scheme":[7],"is":[8],"a":[9,40,103],"promising":[10],"candidate":[11],"for":[12,66,106],"implementing":[13],"privacy-preserving":[14],"deep":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(PP-DNN)":[18],"by":[19,128,136],"performing":[20],"operations":[21],"directly":[22],"encrypted":[25],"data.":[26],"However,":[27],"due":[28],"to":[29,48,143],"computational":[31],"complexity":[32],"of":[33,43,53,94,125,151,164,177],"HE":[34],"operation,":[35],"even":[36],"simple":[37],"PP-DNNs":[38],"require":[39],"huge":[41],"amount":[42],"processing":[44,51,92],"time.":[45],"In":[46],"order":[47],"reduce":[49,90],"time":[52],"PP-DNN,":[54],"in":[55,130,138,170],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,96,160,173],"present":[59],"an":[60],"innovative,":[61],"low-latency":[62,70,83],"model":[63,71],"optimization":[64,72],"solution":[65,73,116],"PP-DNNs.":[67],"Our":[68],"proposed":[69,115],"exploits":[74],"second-order":[75],"polynomials":[76],"that":[77,113],"approximate":[78],"original":[79],"activation":[80],"functions,":[81],"ensuring":[82],"and":[84,102,120,134,167],"accurate":[85],"DNN":[86],"performance.":[87],"To":[88],"further":[89],"latency":[93,124,158],"PP-DNNs,":[95],"introduce":[97],"coefficient":[99],"absorbing":[100],"technique":[101],"masking":[104],"convolution":[105],"convolutional":[107],"layers.":[108],"The":[109],"experimental":[110],"results":[111],"show":[112,161],"constructs":[117],"bootstrapping-free":[118],"PP-DNN":[119],"reduces":[121],"inference":[123,152],"CKKS-based":[126],"ResNet-34":[127],"35%":[129],"CIFAR-100":[132],"dataset":[133,141],"ResNet-32":[135],"77%":[137],"CIFAR-10":[140],"compared":[142],"previous":[144],"approaches":[145],"while":[146],"maintaining":[147],"same":[149],"level":[150],"accuracy.":[153],"Moreover,":[154],"through":[155,168],"layer-wise":[157],"analysis,":[159],"efficacy":[163],"our":[165,178],"approaches,":[166],"validation":[169],"various":[171],"scenarios,":[172],"demonstrate":[174],"generality":[176],"methods.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}