{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386952037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318316","title":"Enhancing DDoS Attack Detection Using Snake Optimizer With Ensemble Learning on Internet of Things Environment","display_name":"Enhancing DDoS Attack Detection Using Snake Optimizer With Ensemble Learning on Internet of Things Environment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386952037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318316","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261178.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025820678","display_name":"Mohammed Aljebreen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6295-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Aljebreen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, Community College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 28095, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Community College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 28095, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040648860","display_name":"Hanan Abdullah Mengash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-2434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanan Abdullah Mengash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-2434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025765588","display_name":"Munya A. Arasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8536-0010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munya A. Arasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in RijalAlmaa, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8536-0010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in RijalAlmaa, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004658615","display_name":"Sumayh S. Aljameel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-4658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143841","display_name":"Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypap427","country_code":"SA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumayh S. Aljameel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saudi Aramco Cybersecurity Chair, Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","SAUDI ARAMCO Cybersecurity Chair, Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-4658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saudi Aramco Cybersecurity Chair, Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841","https://openalex.org/I76571253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAUDI ARAMCO Cybersecurity Chair, Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143841","https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024079346","display_name":"Ahmed S. Salama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186217134","display_name":"Future University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/03s8c2x09","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Salama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072745905","display_name":"Manar Ahmed Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-1174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manar Ahmed Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Self Development, Preparatory Year Deanship, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Self Development, Preparatory Year Deanship, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.5604,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96437443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"104745","last_page":"104753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.9055464267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8840806484222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.5707799792289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5636423230171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5102550983428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4875919222831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4777614176273346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.45265549421310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.44414281845092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38766181468963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.36672860383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3416178822517395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.9055464267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8840806484222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5707799792289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5636423230171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5102550983428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4875919222831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4777614176273346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.45265549421310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.44414281845092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38766181468963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.36672860383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3416178822517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318316","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1ced9955b12426c91ad6b1307be93d8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1ced9955b12426c91ad6b1307be93d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 104745-104753 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318316","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10261178.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1824265929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(RSP2023R459)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6987416463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2023R114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G990617317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP2/ 61 /44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324706","display_name":"Saudi Aramco","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypap427"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386952037.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386952037.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896320980","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2980038013","https://openalex.org/W3006526650","https://openalex.org/W3034273612","https://openalex.org/W3040152568","https://openalex.org/W3168873038","https://openalex.org/W3171749894","https://openalex.org/W4205608240","https://openalex.org/W4220656594","https://openalex.org/W4225114726","https://openalex.org/W4234078321","https://openalex.org/W4286891369","https://openalex.org/W4309635195","https://openalex.org/W4309681531","https://openalex.org/W4312313142","https://openalex.org/W4316088138","https://openalex.org/W4318816421","https://openalex.org/W4320019898","https://openalex.org/W4323361960","https://openalex.org/W4360584536","https://openalex.org/W4377691173","https://openalex.org/W4381572419","https://openalex.org/W4383912367","https://openalex.org/W4384525719","https://openalex.org/W6803819812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2883616266","https://openalex.org/W186576250","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W2038807247","https://openalex.org/W2097156747","https://openalex.org/W2559738661","https://openalex.org/W1994311829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"more":[1],"widespread":[2],"Internet":[3],"of":[4,17,30,45,66,72,106,118,159,170,190,221,228,244,254],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"device":[7],"is":[8,78,122],"performing":[9],"a":[10,22,42,79,116,139,145],"surge":[11],"in":[12,56,82,164,252],"cyber-attacks,":[13],"with":[14,41,108,148],"Distributed":[15],"Denial":[16],"Service":[18],"(DDoS)":[19],"attacks":[20,34,55],"posing":[21],"major":[23],"risk":[24],"to":[25,61,114,124],"the":[26,63,70,83,92,126,154,160,165,176,180,211,218,222,229,235,239,242,245],"reliability":[27],"and":[28,52,69,98,102,129,133,167,204,238],"availability":[29],"IoT":[31,57,67,107,155],"services.":[32],"DDoS":[33,109,141,171],"overwhelm":[35],"target":[36],"methods":[37],"by":[38],"flooding":[39],"them":[40],"huge":[43],"volume":[44],"malicious":[46,132],"traffic":[47,127],"from":[48],"several":[49],"sources.":[50],"Mitigating":[51],"identifying":[53],"these":[54],"platforms":[58],"are":[59],"vital":[60],"maintaining":[62],"seamless":[64],"function":[65],"services":[68],"maintenance":[71],"secret":[73],"information.":[74],"Feature":[75],"selection":[76],"(FS)":[77],"key":[80],"stage":[81],"machine":[84],"learning":[85,150],"(ML)":[86],"pipeline":[87],"as":[88],"it":[89],"supports":[90],"decreasing":[91],"data":[93],"size,":[94],"enhancing":[95],"model":[96],"outcomes,":[97],"speeding":[99],"up":[100],"training":[101],"inference.":[103],"As":[104],"part":[105],"attack":[110,142],"detection,":[111],"FS":[112],"proposes":[113],"recognize":[115],"subset":[117,185],"IoT-related":[119],"features":[120,128],"that":[121],"optimum":[123],"represent":[125],"distinguish":[130],"between":[131],"benign":[134],"activities.":[135],"This":[136],"study":[137],"designs":[138],"new":[140],"detection":[143],"using":[144],"snake":[146],"optimizer":[147,213],"ensemble":[149,189],"(DDAD-SOEL)":[151],"technique":[152,178],"on":[153,234],"platform.":[156],"The":[157,225],"purpose":[158],"DDAD-SOEL":[161,177,230,246],"approach":[162],"lies":[163],"effectual":[166],"automated":[168],"identification":[169],"attacks.":[172],"To":[173],"attain":[174],"this,":[175],"utilizes":[179],"SO":[181],"algorithm":[182],"for":[183,217],"feature":[184],"selection.":[186],"Besides,":[187],"an":[188],"three":[191],"DL":[192,223],"approaches":[193],"namely":[194],"long":[195,200],"short-term":[196,201],"memory":[197,202],"(LSTM),":[198],"bidirectional":[199],"(BiLSTM),":[203],"deep":[205],"belief":[206],"network":[207],"(DBN)":[208],"approach.":[209],"Finally,":[210],"Adadelta":[212],"can":[214],"be":[215],"applied":[216],"parameter":[219],"tuning":[220],"algorithms.":[224],"simulation":[226],"value":[227],"methodology":[231,247],"was":[232],"tested":[233],"benchmark":[236],"database":[237],"outcome":[240],"indicates":[241],"improvements":[243],"over":[248],"other":[249],"recent":[250],"models":[251],"terms":[253],"distinct":[255],"measures.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
