{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386918831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318109","title":"P4FL: An Architecture for Federating Learning With In-Network Processing","display_name":"P4FL: An Architecture for Federating Learning With In-Network Processing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386918831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318109","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011246061","display_name":"Alessio Sacco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2835-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Sacco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008834722","display_name":"Antonino Angi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-6805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonino Angi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010269472","display_name":"Guido Marchetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-9367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Marchetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055238253","display_name":"Flavio Esposito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-4584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flavio Esposito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011246061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85112311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"103650","last_page":"103658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.707263708114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.47524499893188477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.707263708114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.47524499893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e50b44a859ee423d8ecb53d1dd2df851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e50b44a859ee423d8ecb53d1dd2df851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 103650-103658 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3318109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3318109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2032714365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1908574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7196911136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2201536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316830","display_name":"Comcast","ror":"https://ror.org/00sgxyw28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994926493","https://openalex.org/W2049783626","https://openalex.org/W2092762191","https://openalex.org/W2111281854","https://openalex.org/W2127778102","https://openalex.org/W2143295630","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2963183964","https://openalex.org/W2963361660","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W3006526650","https://openalex.org/W3016165051","https://openalex.org/W3017746288","https://openalex.org/W3035366542","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3038028469","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3049157033","https://openalex.org/W3081349436","https://openalex.org/W3126800952","https://openalex.org/W3132218710","https://openalex.org/W3154219392","https://openalex.org/W3160931337","https://openalex.org/W3178661111","https://openalex.org/W3204183032","https://openalex.org/W4200170057","https://openalex.org/W4205492944","https://openalex.org/W4206517089","https://openalex.org/W4226229679","https://openalex.org/W4237972311","https://openalex.org/W4283373300","https://openalex.org/W4285124471","https://openalex.org/W4299283926","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W4321484191","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6749257597","https://openalex.org/W6759226220","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6760703128","https://openalex.org/W6773976177","https://openalex.org/W6776320331","https://openalex.org/W6782959363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"unceasing":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,43,75,122,187],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"and":[7,81,88,101,149,165,175],"Machine":[8],"Learning":[9,34],"(ML)":[10],"techniques":[11],"is":[12,32],"growing":[13],"with":[14,29],"privacy":[15],"problems":[16],"related":[17],"to":[18,26,66,125,129,144,155],"the":[19,41,44,55,73,79,82,89,103,106,120,146,151,184,188,196],"training":[20,198],"data.":[21,53],"A":[22],"relatively":[23],"recent":[24],"approach":[25,63],"partially":[27],"cope":[28],"such":[30,61],"concerns":[31],"Federated":[33],"(FL),":[35],"a":[36,114,137],"technique":[37],"in":[38,72,108,163],"which":[39],"only":[40],"parameters":[42,148],"trained":[45],"neural":[46],"network":[47,80,123,169],"models":[48],"are":[49],"transferred":[50],"rather":[51],"than":[52],"Despite":[54],"benefits":[56],"that":[57,118,167],"FL":[58,116,190],"may":[59,84,91],"provide,":[60],"an":[62],"can":[64],"lead":[65],"synchronization":[67],"issues":[68],"(especially":[69],"when":[70],"applied":[71],"context":[74],"numerous":[76],"IoT":[77],"devices),":[78],"server":[83],"turn":[85],"into":[86],"bottlenecks,":[87],"load":[90],"become":[92],"unsustainable":[93],"for":[94,171],"some":[95],"nodes.":[96],"To":[97],"solve":[98],"this":[99,109],"issue":[100],"reduce":[102],"traffic":[104],"on":[105,142],"network,":[107],"paper,":[110],"we":[111,135],"propose":[112],"P4FL,":[113],"novel":[115],"architecture":[117],"uses":[119],"paradigm":[121],"programmability":[124],"program":[126],"P4":[127,152],"switches":[128],"compute":[130],"intermediate":[131],"aggregations.":[132],"In":[133],"particular,":[134],"defined":[136],"custom":[138],"in-band":[139],"protocol":[140],"based":[141],"MPLS":[143],"carry":[145],"model":[147,157,173],"adapted":[150],"switch":[153],"behavior":[154],"aggregate":[156],"gradients.":[158],"We":[159],"then":[160],"evaluated":[161],"P4FL":[162],"Mininet":[164],"verified":[166],"using":[168],"nodes":[170],"in-network":[172],"caching":[174],"gradient":[176],"aggregating":[177],"has":[178],"two":[179],"advantages:":[180],"first,":[181],"it":[182,193],"alleviates":[183],"bottleneck":[185],"effect":[186],"central":[189],"server;":[191],"second,":[192],"further":[194],"accelerates":[195],"entire":[197],"progress.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
