{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386917648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317896","title":"Parallelized Particle Filter With Efficient Pipelining on FPGA for Real-Time Ballistic Target Tracking","display_name":"Parallelized Particle Filter With Efficient Pipelining on FPGA for Real-Time Ballistic Target Tracking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386917648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317896","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644926","display_name":"Daeyeon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0558-6876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daeyeon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0558-6876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035064525","display_name":"Heoncheol Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2962-3474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113409471","display_name":"Kumoh National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dkjfz60","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heonchoel Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2962-3474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113409471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043942356","display_name":"Hyuck-Hoon Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2773-0145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089444","display_name":"GS Caltex (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/00bvkj141","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089444"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyuck-Hoon Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["PGM Research and Development Laboratory, LIG Nex1, Seongnam-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2773-0145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PGM Research and Development Laboratory, LIG Nex1, Seongnam-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104107116","display_name":"Yeji Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089444","display_name":"GS Caltex (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/00bvkj141","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089444"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeji Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["PGM Research and Development Laboratory, LIG Nex1, Seongnam-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PGM Research and Development Laboratory, LIG Nex1, Seongnam-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006397694","display_name":"Wonseok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-4386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089444","display_name":"GS Caltex (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/00bvkj141","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089444"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonseok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["PGM Research and Development Laboratory, LIG Nex1, Seongnam-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PGM Research and Development Laboratory, LIG Nex1, Seongnam-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7815867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"104830","last_page":"104838"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.7458581924438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.7036968469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6981787085533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.69251549243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5167126059532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.45248064398765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.22873860597610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19147926568984985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.7458581924438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.7036968469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6981787085533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.69251549243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5167126059532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45248064398765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.22873860597610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19147926568984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7620a4b5118e4d0eabb6aa3965026510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7620a4b5118e4d0eabb6aa3965026510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 104830-104838 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2792835908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UD200043CD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","funder_display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04bjg9m96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982729278","https://openalex.org/W2007118171","https://openalex.org/W2011156662","https://openalex.org/W2018542777","https://openalex.org/W2022412705","https://openalex.org/W2040196349","https://openalex.org/W2074492975","https://openalex.org/W2080674452","https://openalex.org/W2083885339","https://openalex.org/W2095988847","https://openalex.org/W2096887879","https://openalex.org/W2115502894","https://openalex.org/W2135092312","https://openalex.org/W2140242774","https://openalex.org/W2156949542","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2162013772","https://openalex.org/W2162830992","https://openalex.org/W2165610842","https://openalex.org/W2171191044","https://openalex.org/W2208010937","https://openalex.org/W2560121185","https://openalex.org/W2574634956","https://openalex.org/W2905146296","https://openalex.org/W2985712380","https://openalex.org/W2994818176","https://openalex.org/W3013404039","https://openalex.org/W3015803500","https://openalex.org/W3040045233","https://openalex.org/W4317796264","https://openalex.org/W6680173660","https://openalex.org/W6756636354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W1989212443","https://openalex.org/W2103644279","https://openalex.org/W4302986566","https://openalex.org/W1968585197","https://openalex.org/W2163445067","https://openalex.org/W4247544095","https://openalex.org/W2122155275","https://openalex.org/W2215635302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,14,21,34,60,72,91,94,98,116,123,128,159,166,170,184,190,196],"problem":[4,125],"of":[5,50,53],"a":[6,46,136,141,147,152,177],"real-time":[7,75],"ballistic":[8,35,78,117,160,191],"target":[9,36,79,118,161,192],"tracking":[10,15,37,119,162,193],"is":[11,68,110,140],"addressed.":[12],"Because":[13],"process":[16,163],"can":[17,42,86],"be":[18,43,87,113],"affected":[19],"by":[20,127,164],"uncertainty":[22],"in":[23,93],"models":[24],"and":[25,194],"disturbances,":[26],"probabilistic":[27,47],"filters":[28,40],"have":[29],"been":[30],"applied":[31,114],"to":[32,70,74,89,112,115,122,157],"solving":[33],"problem.":[38,172],"Particle":[39],"(PFs)":[41],"used":[44],"as":[45],"filter":[48,144],"because":[49],"their":[51],"advantages":[52],"dealing":[54],"with":[55,176],"non-Gaussian":[56],"models.":[57],"However,":[58],"since":[59],"PFs":[61,73,92,167,197],"require":[62],"too":[63,102],"much":[64,103],"computational":[65],"costs,":[66],"it":[67,109],"hard":[69],"apply":[71],"systems":[76],"for":[77],"tracking.":[80],"The":[81,173],"Graphic":[82],"Processor":[83],"Unit":[84],"(GPU)":[85],"considered":[88],"accelerate":[90,158,195],"parallelization":[95,100],"manner.":[96],"But,":[97],"GPU-based":[99],"requires":[101],"power":[104,131],"consumption,":[105],"which":[106,139],"means":[107],"that":[108,183],"difficult":[111],"system":[120,150,181],"due":[121],"heat":[124,171],"caused":[126],"excessively":[129],"increased":[130],"consumption.":[132],"This":[133],"paper":[134],"proposes":[135],"practical":[137],"approach":[138,186],"parallelized":[142],"particle":[143],"based":[145],"on":[146],"heterogeneous":[148,179],"processing":[149,180],"including":[151],"field-programmable":[153],"gate":[154],"array":[155],"(FPGA)":[156],"parallelizing":[165],"while":[168],"avoiding":[169],"evaluation":[174],"results":[175],"real":[178],"showed":[182],"proposed":[185],"could":[187],"successfully":[188],"conduct":[189],"over":[198],"four":[199],"times.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}