{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386903112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317692","title":"Characterizing Mobile Money Phishing Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Characterizing Mobile Money Phishing Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386903112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317692","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092360588","display_name":"Alima Nzeket Njoya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-4394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59196294","display_name":"University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gq1d339","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alima Nzeket Njoya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaound&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, Ngaoundere, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-4394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaound&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, Ngaoundere, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092911555","display_name":"Vanelle Laure Tchaya Ngongag","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59196294","display_name":"University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gq1d339","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanelle Laure Tchaya Ngongag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of SFTI, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaound&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, Ngaoundere, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3248-6772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of SFTI, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaound&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, Ngaoundere, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032771405","display_name":"Franklin Tchakount\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0723-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59196294","display_name":"University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03gq1d339","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franklin Tchakount\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaound&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, Ngaoundere, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0723-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaound&#x00E9;r&#x00E9;, Ngaoundere, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59196294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090363326","display_name":"Marcellin Atemkeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9020-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203238179","display_name":"Rhodes University","ror":"https://ror.org/016sewp10","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcellin Atemkeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9020-3885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008985064","display_name":"Claude Fachkha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-4817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Fachkha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-4817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.4508,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93561809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"103839","last_page":"103862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.9325106739997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.714227020740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.587020218372345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5713469386100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5531085729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.5357379913330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4471915066242218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4400288462638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4373273253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4169892966747284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38487693667411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.3458896279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.20816367864608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12471318244934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1010211706161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08667713403701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07467538118362427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.9325106739997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.714227020740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.587020218372345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5713469386100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5531085729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.5357379913330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4471915066242218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4400288462638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4373273253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4169892966747284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38487693667411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3458896279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.20816367864608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12471318244934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1010211706161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08667713403701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07467538118362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b21c9844ae1b4481bcca3d14f3a92f05","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b21c9844ae1b4481bcca3d14f3a92f05","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 103839-103862 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3317692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982219705","https://openalex.org/W2003798735","https://openalex.org/W2090846184","https://openalex.org/W2106155860","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2182186946","https://openalex.org/W2576815293","https://openalex.org/W2618014102","https://openalex.org/W2767756048","https://openalex.org/W2783033852","https://openalex.org/W2794598542","https://openalex.org/W2910724860","https://openalex.org/W2942047243","https://openalex.org/W2971046657","https://openalex.org/W2999301152","https://openalex.org/W3008577582","https://openalex.org/W3023350020","https://openalex.org/W3046900007","https://openalex.org/W3083831636","https://openalex.org/W3086812690","https://openalex.org/W3087322568","https://openalex.org/W3093426589","https://openalex.org/W3100509571","https://openalex.org/W3119693685","https://openalex.org/W3123262997","https://openalex.org/W3126283576","https://openalex.org/W3138009395","https://openalex.org/W3157247077","https://openalex.org/W3157390437","https://openalex.org/W3182418041","https://openalex.org/W4205769651","https://openalex.org/W4206050234","https://openalex.org/W4210347131","https://openalex.org/W4210591567","https://openalex.org/W4221162511","https://openalex.org/W4225943571","https://openalex.org/W4285158499","https://openalex.org/W4285248574","https://openalex.org/W4286423347","https://openalex.org/W4289792603","https://openalex.org/W4295956902","https://openalex.org/W4306740528","https://openalex.org/W4309629364","https://openalex.org/W4322762318","https://openalex.org/W4353029157","https://openalex.org/W4361284134","https://openalex.org/W4363651307","https://openalex.org/W4382564151","https://openalex.org/W4382564192","https://openalex.org/W6686045506","https://openalex.org/W6783237518","https://openalex.org/W6794561906","https://openalex.org/W6842624993","https://openalex.org/W6846007572","https://openalex.org/W6853525742","https://openalex.org/W6853852376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W4284974072","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W4225269853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"money":[1,8,66,81,110,245],"helps":[2],"people":[3],"accumulate,":[4],"send":[5],"and":[6,27,48,70,94,123,128,148,171,187,195,203,235,260],"receive":[7],"using":[9],"their":[10,166],"mobile":[11,65,80,109,244,273],"phones":[12],"without":[13],"having":[14],"a":[15,104,213],"bank":[16,34],"account":[17],"(i.e.,":[18,41],"in":[19,30,39,216],"some":[20,252],"African":[21],"countries).":[22],"Such":[23],"technology":[24],"is":[25,240],"heavily":[26],"efficiently":[28],"used":[29],"many":[31],"areas":[32],"where":[33],"services":[35,49,67],"are":[36,50,77],"unavailable":[37],"and/or":[38],"crisis":[40],"during":[42,272],"the":[43,85,91,95,98,154,158,206,267],"Covid-19":[44],"pandemic)":[45],"when":[46],"transportation":[47],"limited.":[51],"However,":[52],"malicious":[53,92],"users":[54],"such":[55,256],"as":[56,257],"scammers":[57],"have":[58,182],"leveraged":[59],"social":[60],"engineering":[61],"techniques":[62],"to":[63,79,107,164,200],"abuse":[64],"through":[68,118,134,168],"scams,":[69],"frauds,":[71],"among":[72],"others.":[73],"Existing":[74],"countermeasures,":[75],"which":[76],"specific":[78],"security,":[82],"mostly":[83],"ignore":[84],"dynamic":[86],"aspect":[87],"of":[88,161,269],"interactions":[89,271],"between":[90,208],"party":[93],"victim.":[96],"Considering":[97],"above":[99],"insufficiency,":[100],"this":[101],"paper":[102],"proposes":[103],"new":[105],"approach":[106,156],"characterize":[108],"phishing":[111,246],"attacks":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114,129,177],"reinforcement":[115,131,169,173,193,197,254],"learning":[116,132,170,194,198,217,228,238],"(RL)":[117],"<italic":[119,224,261],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120,225,262],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Q</i>":[121,226],"-learning":[122],"Markov":[124],"decision":[125],"processes":[126],"(MDP)":[127],"deep":[130,172,196,253],"(DRL)":[133],"DRL":[135],"algorithms,":[136,255],"namely,":[137],"Deep":[138,143,149,258],"sarsa,":[139],"Advantage":[140],"Actor-Critic":[141],"(A2C),":[142],"Deterministic":[144],"Policy":[145],"Gradient":[146],"(DDPG),":[147],"Q-learning":[150],"(DQN).":[151],"In":[152],"fact,":[153],"proposed":[155],"models":[157],"optimal":[159],"sequences":[160],"attacker":[162],"actions":[163],"achieve":[165],"goals":[167],"methods.":[174],"We":[175,220],"experiment":[176],"real":[178],"attack":[179],"scenarios":[180],"that":[181,223,251],"been":[183],"encountered":[184],"at":[185],"Orange":[186],"MTN":[188],"telecoms.":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"we":[191,249],"compared":[192],"algorithms":[199],"each":[201],"other":[202],"thereby":[204],"demonstrated":[205],"difference":[207],"them.":[209],"This":[210],"analysis":[211],"showed":[212],"better":[214,241],"performance":[215],"with":[218],"RL.":[219],"also":[221],"deduced":[222],"-":[227],"takes":[229],"less":[230],"execution":[231],"time":[232],"than":[233],"CDM":[234],"therefore":[236],"its":[237],"quality":[239],"for":[242],"characterizing":[243],"attacks.":[247],"Finally,":[248],"found":[250],"Sarsa":[259],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">A2C</i>":[263],",":[264],"can":[265],"improve":[266],"characterization":[268],"scammer-victim":[270],"payments.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
