{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386824784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316600","title":"TransSiamese: A Transformer-Based Siamese Network for Anomaly Detection in Time Series as Approach for Fault Location in Distribution Grids","display_name":"TransSiamese: A Transformer-Based Siamese Network for Anomaly Detection in Time Series as Approach for Fault Location in Distribution Grids","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386824784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316600","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10254216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10254216.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088356254","display_name":"Javier Granado Forn\u00e1s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-8768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160430","display_name":"CIRCE - Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzdtn10","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160430"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Granado Forn\u00e1s","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Zaragoza, Spain","CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Ave. Ranillas 3D, 1st Floor, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-8768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160430"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Ave. Ranillas 3D, 1st Floor, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102988178","display_name":"El\u00edas Herrero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-8964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El\u00edas Herrero Jaraba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Communications, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-8964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Communications, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025483000","display_name":"A. Llombart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6350-4474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160430","display_name":"CIRCE - Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/05xzdtn10","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160430"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9s Llombart Estopi\u00f1an","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Zaragoza, Spain","CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Ave. Ranillas 3D, 1st Floor, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6350-4474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160430"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRCE Technology Center Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Ave. Ranillas 3D, 1st Floor, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5423,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82931385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"103431","last_page":"103451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6669905185699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.624424159526825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5828539729118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-indicator","display_name":"Fault indicator","score":0.5279383063316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5108113288879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stuck-at-fault","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","score":0.49062028527259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.42040693759918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.41218191385269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4000464677810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3816606104373932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.33940285444259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27434834837913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23805975914001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22583934664726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07880592346191406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6669905185699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.624424159526825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5828539729118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21267803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438159","display_name":"Fault indicator","level":4,"score":0.5279383063316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5108113288879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13625343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627418","display_name":"Stuck-at fault","level":4,"score":0.49062028527259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.42040693759918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.41218191385269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4000464677810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3816606104373932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.33940285444259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27434834837913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23805975914001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22583934664726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07880592346191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316600","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10254216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zaguan.unizar.es:130020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/130020","pdf_url":"https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/130020/files/texto_completo.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401812","display_name":"Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a589c4bfe8874e46b6ba1765a1890d74","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a589c4bfe8874e46b6ba1765a1890d74","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 103431-103451 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316600","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10254216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3851602545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"864579","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386824784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386824784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39399236","https://openalex.org/W2033954953","https://openalex.org/W2093661848","https://openalex.org/W2118719892","https://openalex.org/W2133159738","https://openalex.org/W2559917168","https://openalex.org/W2561795058","https://openalex.org/W2786088545","https://openalex.org/W2804841412","https://openalex.org/W2898322183","https://openalex.org/W2940073716","https://openalex.org/W2950361482","https://openalex.org/W2984779497","https://openalex.org/W3024238458","https://openalex.org/W3081497074","https://openalex.org/W3162993161","https://openalex.org/W3169450514","https://openalex.org/W3171105608","https://openalex.org/W3186020689","https://openalex.org/W3188872815","https://openalex.org/W3204124756","https://openalex.org/W3204263062","https://openalex.org/W3214366691","https://openalex.org/W4200496010","https://openalex.org/W4205716966","https://openalex.org/W4206435446","https://openalex.org/W4281394889","https://openalex.org/W4283069166","https://openalex.org/W4283318673","https://openalex.org/W4285817006","https://openalex.org/W4286983754","https://openalex.org/W4289528726","https://openalex.org/W4293704625","https://openalex.org/W4312465846","https://openalex.org/W4312549298","https://openalex.org/W4312874488","https://openalex.org/W4319586492","https://openalex.org/W4319990484","https://openalex.org/W4321020794","https://openalex.org/W4323059883","https://openalex.org/W4323338644","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385258623","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6748102297","https://openalex.org/W6796732608","https://openalex.org/W6802061597","https://openalex.org/W6810751522","https://openalex.org/W6838428979","https://openalex.org/W6894168338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2544222762","https://openalex.org/W2575775159","https://openalex.org/W2577233154","https://openalex.org/W3186790058","https://openalex.org/W2350226881","https://openalex.org/W3020944730","https://openalex.org/W190707418","https://openalex.org/W2169757786","https://openalex.org/W2380803702","https://openalex.org/W2164489324"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fault":[0],"localization":[1],"in":[2,9,36,198,295],"distribution":[3],"grids":[4,15],"represents":[5],"a":[6,68,122,155,172,199,203,243,296],"crucial":[7],"aspect":[8],"achieving":[10],"the":[11,20,45,50,59,110,114,127,148,160,165,236,239,247,249,255,261,265,270,273,276,285],"concept":[12],"of":[13,22,44,52,63,113,129,142,164,238,264],"smart":[14],"within":[16],"electrical":[17],"networks.":[18],"Despite":[19],"existence":[21],"various":[23],"approaches":[24],"to":[25,58,88,109,125,159,195,234,246,260,282],"address":[26,126],"this":[27,118],"issue,":[28],"it":[29,223,268,280,287],"remains":[30],"an":[31],"open":[32],"and":[33,70,92,150,209,275],"challenging":[34],"topic":[35],"real":[37],"situations":[38],"and,":[39],"therefore,":[40],"complex":[41],"grids.":[42],"One":[43],"main":[46],"challenges":[47],"stems":[48],"from":[49,134,242,254],"scarcity":[51],"labelled":[53],"real-world":[54],"examples":[55,75,205],"is":[56,185],"due":[57,108,158],"inherent":[60],"chaotic":[61],"nature":[62,112],"faults":[64],"(short":[65],"circuits":[66],"between":[67,272],"phase":[69],"ground).":[71],"Obtaining":[72],"sufficient":[73],"fault":[74,90,99,115,131,210,251,297],"for":[76,98,174],"neural":[77],"network":[78,180],"training":[79,214],"purposes":[80],"becomes":[81],"extremely":[82],"difficult.":[83],"Efforts":[84],"have":[85],"been":[86,193],"made":[87],"simulate":[89],"signals":[91,224],"apply":[93],"data":[94],"augmentation":[95,103],"techniques.":[96],"However,":[97],"location":[100,132],"specifically,":[101],"classical":[102],"techniques":[104],"are":[105,293],"not":[106],"applicable":[107],"unique":[111],"signals.":[116,139],"In":[117],"paper,":[119],"we":[120,216,292],"propose":[121],"novel":[123],"approach":[124,168],"problem":[128],"extracting":[130],"information":[133],"TDR":[135],"(Time":[136],"Domain":[137],"Reflectometry)":[138],"This":[140,177,190],"kind":[141],"signals,":[143],"involve":[144],"injecting":[145],"pulses":[146,153],"into":[147],"grid":[149,227],"record":[151],"these":[152,289],"as":[154],"bounced":[156],"signal":[157,252,257,278],"different":[161],"impedance":[162],"changes":[163],"grid.":[166],"Our":[167],"relies":[169],"on":[170,284],"employing":[171],"Transformer":[173,191,232],"anomaly":[175],"detection.":[176],"Transformer-based":[178],"Siamese":[179,200,266],"architecture":[181],"(abbreviated":[182],"by":[183,187,221],"TransSiamese)":[184],"inspired":[186],"TranAD":[188],"model.":[189],"has":[192],"modified":[194],"be":[196],"trained":[197],"way":[201],"with":[202],"few":[204],"(pre-fault":[206],"signals/normal":[207],"state":[208],"signals/abnormal":[211],"state).":[212],"After":[213],"phase,":[215],"can":[217],"run":[218],"inference":[219],"mode":[220],"feeding":[222],"representing":[225],"faulty":[226],"states":[228],"(fault":[229],"signals).":[230],"The":[231],"attempts":[233],"predict":[235],"evolution":[237],"signal,":[240],"however,":[241],"certain":[244],"point":[245],"end,":[248],"predicted":[250],"deviates":[253],"True":[256],"supplied.":[258],"Thanks":[259],"intrinsic":[262],"property":[263],"network,":[267],"dampens":[269],"differences":[271,290],"learned":[274],"current":[277],"when":[279,291],"comes":[281],"pre-fault;":[283],"contrary,":[286],"enhances":[288],"immersed":[294],"signal.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2023-09-19T00:00:00"}