{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386766733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316032","title":"EOG-Based Reading Detection in the Wild Using Spectrograms and Nested Classification Approach","display_name":"EOG-Based Reading Detection in the Wild Using Spectrograms and Nested Classification Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386766733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251913.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017014448","display_name":"Sriman Bidhan Baray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2244-8733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205746353","display_name":"University of Dhaka","ror":"https://ror.org/05wv2vq37","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriman Bidhan Baray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101843619","display_name":"Mosabber Uddin Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-8632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205746353","display_name":"University of Dhaka","ror":"https://ror.org/05wv2vq37","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mosabber Uddin Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-8632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064486960","display_name":"Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-8206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-8206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000232184","display_name":"Koichi Kise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-6968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152983","display_name":"Osaka Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hvx5h04","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152983"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi Kise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.8401,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86033682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"105619","last_page":"105632"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.783033549785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.746790885925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrooculography","display_name":"Electrooculography","score":0.6510987877845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5425816178321838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.5411303639411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4475230276584625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37734973430633545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.783033549785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.746790885925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420647","display_name":"Electrooculography","level":3,"score":0.6510987877845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5425816178321838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.5411303639411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4475230276584625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37734973430633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbd6167b11f642c1966b7a84826b2648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbd6167b11f642c1966b7a84826b2648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 105619-105632 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/25239520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/EOG-Based_Reading_Detection_in_the_Wild_Using_Spectrograms_and_Nested_Classification_Approach/25239520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3316032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3316032","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3035325594","display_name":"International Collaborative Research on Intelligence Augmentation of Human Learning","funder_award_id":"20KK0235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7160405064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMXP0518071489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386766733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386766733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169709776","https://openalex.org/W1562634897","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1968960638","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2006905179","https://openalex.org/W2008311091","https://openalex.org/W2035015778","https://openalex.org/W2042379996","https://openalex.org/W2045761518","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2068971446","https://openalex.org/W2079186124","https://openalex.org/W2080902754","https://openalex.org/W2088270376","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2118678035","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2126698740","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2168508521","https://openalex.org/W2180635266","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2294153031","https://openalex.org/W2295333746","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2383043432","https://openalex.org/W2537288249","https://openalex.org/W2548042282","https://openalex.org/W2736191430","https://openalex.org/W2752561456","https://openalex.org/W2753052947","https://openalex.org/W2753614057","https://openalex.org/W2789306472","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2915250631","https://openalex.org/W2942324097","https://openalex.org/W2947866392","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2972440135","https://openalex.org/W2972707263","https://openalex.org/W3017210109","https://openalex.org/W3041420203","https://openalex.org/W3044326989","https://openalex.org/W3046145434","https://openalex.org/W3046899741","https://openalex.org/W3085153178","https://openalex.org/W3130422798","https://openalex.org/W3174506283","https://openalex.org/W3182487637","https://openalex.org/W3183470358","https://openalex.org/W3199191682","https://openalex.org/W3200152448","https://openalex.org/W4205682485","https://openalex.org/W4210351721","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4243487586","https://openalex.org/W4256060553","https://openalex.org/W4281260437","https://openalex.org/W4282981352","https://openalex.org/W4296885207","https://openalex.org/W4299325367","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4399647672","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6674703920","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283449118","https://openalex.org/W2612976815","https://openalex.org/W2589754273","https://openalex.org/W1980947986","https://openalex.org/W2734543841","https://openalex.org/W2294153031","https://openalex.org/W2960200109","https://openalex.org/W4384434815","https://openalex.org/W4306698199","https://openalex.org/W2572550367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrooculography,":[0],"also":[1,101],"known":[2],"as":[3],"EOG,":[4],"is":[5,9,18],"a":[6,69,146,168,215],"technique":[7],"that":[8,124],"used":[10],"to":[11,80,103,189],"calculate":[12],"the":[13,21,24,27,128,149,162,206,210],"corneo-retinal":[14],"standing":[15],"potential,":[16],"which":[17],"located":[19],"between":[20],"cornea":[22],"and":[23,37,92,113,176,181],"retina":[25],"of":[26,31,187,218],"human":[28],"eye.":[29],"Applications":[30],"EOG":[32,51],"include":[33],"eye":[34,38],"disease":[35],"diagnosis":[36],"movement":[39],"tracking.":[40],"There":[41],"has":[42],"been":[43],"various":[44],"research":[45,105],"on":[46,127,140],"reading":[47,60,84,98,111,114,164,175,178,194,207],"activity":[48],"detection":[49,73],"from":[50,62,65,130,156],"signals":[52],"in":[53,74,86,106,136,204],"controlled":[54],"or":[55],"laboratory":[56],"settings.":[57],"However,":[58],"determining":[59],"behaviours":[61],"data":[63],"collected":[64,126],"real-world":[66],"environments":[67],"remains":[68],"challenging":[70],"problem.":[71],"Reading":[72],"practical":[75],"scenarios":[76],"can":[77,100],"lead":[78,102],"us":[79],"track":[81],"our":[82,89,197],"daily":[83,138],"activity,":[85],"turn":[87],"improving":[88],"learning":[90,154],"experience":[91],"even":[93],"workplace":[94],"productivity.":[95],"Tracking":[96],"regular":[97],"behaviour":[99],"further":[104],"cognitive":[107],"psychology,":[108],"literacy":[109],"development,":[110],"motivation,":[112],"comprehension.":[115],"In":[116],"this":[117],"study,":[118],"we":[119,166,173,199],"investigated":[120],"an":[121],"electrooculogram":[122],"dataset":[123,212],"was":[125],"field":[129],"10":[131],"users":[132],"who":[133],"were":[134],"engaged":[135],"their":[137],"activities":[139,208],"two":[141],"separate":[142],"days.":[143],"We":[144],"propose":[145],"pipeline":[147],"combining":[148],"statistical":[150],"features":[151,155],"with":[152],"deep":[153],"pre-trained":[157],"ImageNet":[158],"models.":[159],"To":[160],"detect":[161,174],"fine-grained":[163],"activities,":[165],"employed":[167],"nested":[169],"classification":[170,188],"approach":[171],"where":[172],"not":[177],"at":[179],"first":[180],"then":[182],"do":[183],"one":[184],"more":[185],"step":[186],"discriminate":[190],"among":[191],"three":[192],"different":[193],"activities.":[195],"With":[196],"pipeline,":[198],"could":[200],"achieve":[201],"66.56%":[202],"accuracy":[203],"detecting":[205],"whereas":[209],"original":[211],"publication":[213],"showed":[214],"baseline":[216],"performance":[217],"only":[219],"32%.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}