{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386736958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3315649","title":"Toward Design of Internet of Things and Machine Learning-Enabled Frameworks for Analysis and Prediction of Water Quality","display_name":"Toward Design of Internet of Things and Machine Learning-Enabled Frameworks for Analysis and Prediction of Water Quality","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386736958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3315649"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3315649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3315649","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251529.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251529.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026938157","display_name":"Mushtaque Ahmed Rahu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3608-7716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mushtaque Ahmed Rahu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3608-7716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004866717","display_name":"Abdul Fattah Chandio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Fattah Chandio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014562556","display_name":"Khursheed Aurangzeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-8578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khursheed Aurangzeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-8578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021054819","display_name":"Sarang Karim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-0843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65146876","display_name":"Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t34b131","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarang Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-0843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65146876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052648906","display_name":"Musaed Alhussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-6778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musaed Alhussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-6778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014296507","display_name":"Muhammad Shahid Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-6690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shahid Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI and Software, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-6690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Software, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.1737,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97743818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"101055","last_page":"101086"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7296781539916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5577707290649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5106750130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4456687867641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3610677123069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3362399637699127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32678231596946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.27594679594039917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7296781539916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5577707290649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5106750130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4456687867641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3610677123069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3362399637699127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32678231596946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.27594679594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3315649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3315649","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251529.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1f42d34fdea840e3b878a5a6c85feaa1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1f42d34fdea840e3b878a5a6c85feaa1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 101055-101086 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3315649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3315649","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10251529.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1256267926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSPD2023R947","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386736958.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386736958.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94052953","https://openalex.org/W172260869","https://openalex.org/W251816126","https://openalex.org/W1584308190","https://openalex.org/W1964224171","https://openalex.org/W1979344016","https://openalex.org/W2050547330","https://openalex.org/W2105455980","https://openalex.org/W2116950002","https://openalex.org/W2146194630","https://openalex.org/W2160689147","https://openalex.org/W2182132145","https://openalex.org/W2296421542","https://openalex.org/W2308977555","https://openalex.org/W2309032750","https://openalex.org/W2489059426","https://openalex.org/W2520480241","https://openalex.org/W2549022457","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2891705404","https://openalex.org/W2895262063","https://openalex.org/W2903389412","https://openalex.org/W2911260991","https://openalex.org/W2911640637","https://openalex.org/W2934059532","https://openalex.org/W2941924863","https://openalex.org/W2953390667","https://openalex.org/W2969375592","https://openalex.org/W2970591347","https://openalex.org/W2971661637","https://openalex.org/W2981586399","https://openalex.org/W2981922997","https://openalex.org/W2984960739","https://openalex.org/W2996947682","https://openalex.org/W3013065154","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3026224693","https://openalex.org/W3032114157","https://openalex.org/W3048786892","https://openalex.org/W3080827235","https://openalex.org/W3081777626","https://openalex.org/W3083235971","https://openalex.org/W3090661556","https://openalex.org/W3094439946","https://openalex.org/W3109271829","https://openalex.org/W3113873473","https://openalex.org/W3132954913","https://openalex.org/W3139727712","https://openalex.org/W3142526242","https://openalex.org/W3146796711","https://openalex.org/W3173331138","https://openalex.org/W3178172764","https://openalex.org/W3184212526","https://openalex.org/W3198357165","https://openalex.org/W3200542697","https://openalex.org/W3214937225","https://openalex.org/W3216734935","https://openalex.org/W4200606497","https://openalex.org/W4205382150","https://openalex.org/W4212963785","https://openalex.org/W4213202892","https://openalex.org/W4221003558","https://openalex.org/W4225248915","https://openalex.org/W4249972823","https://openalex.org/W4255135454","https://openalex.org/W4281622124","https://openalex.org/W4283272776","https://openalex.org/W4285450599","https://openalex.org/W4286225555","https://openalex.org/W4292399547","https://openalex.org/W4296473634","https://openalex.org/W4297990158","https://openalex.org/W4304092395","https://openalex.org/W4309048734","https://openalex.org/W4309676208","https://openalex.org/W4309951994","https://openalex.org/W4310266276","https://openalex.org/W4316468894","https://openalex.org/W4318049614","https://openalex.org/W4319315031","https://openalex.org/W4320000847","https://openalex.org/W4320883163","https://openalex.org/W4327971801","https://openalex.org/W4366376864","https://openalex.org/W4367625144","https://openalex.org/W4367677443","https://openalex.org/W4383876991","https://openalex.org/W4385704330","https://openalex.org/W4385885462","https://openalex.org/W4385994325","https://openalex.org/W4399647672","https://openalex.org/W6769550350","https://openalex.org/W6839860558","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3031181660","https://openalex.org/W4238100021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,56,80,237],"degradation":[1],"of":[2,30,221,233,332,340],"water":[3,18,39,114],"quality":[4,40,115],"has":[5,245],"become":[6],"a":[7,109,291],"critical":[8],"concern":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"necessitating":[11],"innovative":[12],"approaches":[13],"for":[14,37,113,191,211,224],"monitoring":[15],"and":[16,33,42,54,65,85,99,117,131,153,164,177,203,231,260,275,290,311,357,374],"predicting":[17],"quality.":[19],"This":[20,227],"paper":[21],"proposes":[22],"an":[23],"integrated":[24],"framework":[25,46,58,112],"that":[26,240,318],"combines":[27],"the":[28,73,94,127,162,184,188,218,234,241,250,269,280,298,302,319,363],"Internet":[29],"Things":[31],"(IoT)":[32],"machine":[34,89,110,137,193,320],"learning":[35,90,138,194,321],"paradigms":[36],"comprehensive":[38],"analysis":[41,116],"prediction.":[43,118],"IoT-enabled":[45],"comprises":[47,208],"four":[48],"modules:":[49],"sensing,":[50],"coordinator,":[51],"data":[52,74,82,123],"processing,":[53],"decision.":[55],"IoT":[57],"is":[59,83,196,315],"equipped":[60],"with":[61,249,268,329,337,344,353,369],"temperature,":[62],"pH,":[63],"turbidity,":[64],"Total":[66],"Dissolved":[67],"Solids":[68],"(TDS)":[69],"sensors":[70],"to":[71,92,160,182,327,335],"collect":[72],"from":[75],"Rohri":[76],"Canal,":[77],"SBA,":[78],"Pakistan.":[79],"acquired":[81],"preprocessed":[84],"then":[86],"analyzed":[87],"using":[88,126],"models":[91,195,322],"predict":[93,161,183],"Water":[95,100],"Quality":[96,101],"Index":[97],"(WQI)":[98],"Class":[102],"(WQC).":[103],"With":[104],"this":[105,348],"aim,":[106],"we":[107],"designed":[108],"learning-enabled":[111],"Preprocessing":[119],"steps":[120],"such":[121],"as":[122],"cleaning,":[124],"normalization":[125],"Z-score":[128],"technique,":[129],"correlation,":[130],"splitting":[132],"are":[133,158,180],"performed":[134],"before":[135],"applying":[136],"models.":[139],"Regression":[140],"models:":[141,166],"LSTM":[142],"(Long":[143],"Short-Term":[144],"Memory),":[145],"SVR":[146,281],"(Support":[147,168],"Vector":[148,169],"Regression),":[149],"MLP":[150,242],"(Multilayer":[151],"Perceptron)":[152],"NARNet":[154],"(Nonlinear":[155],"Autoregressive":[156],"Network)":[157],"employed":[159,181],"WQI,":[163],"classification":[165,296],"SVM":[167],"Machine),":[170],"XGBoost":[171],"(eXtreme":[172],"Gradient":[173],"Boosting),":[174],"Decision":[175],"Trees,":[176],"Random":[178,299,364],"Forest":[179,300,365],"WQC.":[185],"Before":[186],"that,":[187],"Dataset":[189,201,204,206,215],"used":[190],"evaluating":[192],"split":[197],"into":[198],"two":[199],"subsets:":[200],"1":[202,207],"2.":[205],"600":[209],"values":[210,223,333],"each":[212,225],"parameter,":[213],"while":[214],"2":[216],"includes":[217],"complete":[219],"set":[220],"6000":[222],"parameter.":[226],"division":[228],"enables":[229],"comparison":[230],"evaluation":[232],"models\u2019":[235],"performance.":[236],"results":[238],"indicate":[239],"regression":[243,351],"model":[244,282,366],"strong":[246],"predictive":[247],"performance":[248],"lowest":[251],"Mean":[252,256,262],"Absolute":[253],"Error":[254,258,264],"(MAE),":[255],"Squared":[257,263],"(MSE),":[259],"Root":[261],"(RMSE)":[265],"values,":[266],"along":[267],"highest":[270,303],"R-squared":[271,293,359],"(0.93),":[272,308],"indicating":[273],"accurate":[274],"precise":[276],"predictions.":[277],"In":[278],"contrast,":[279],"demonstrates":[283],"weaker":[284],"performance,":[285,352],"evidenced":[286],"by":[287],"higher":[288,358],"errors":[289,356],"lower":[292,355],"(0.73).":[294],"Among":[295],"algorithms,":[297],"achieves":[301],"metrics:":[304],"accuracy":[305],"(0.91),":[306],"precision":[307],"recall":[309],"(0.92),":[310],"F1-score":[312,375],"(0.91).":[313],"It":[314],"also":[316],"conceived":[317],"perform":[323],"better":[324],"when":[325],"applied":[326],"datasets":[328,336],"smaller":[330],"numbers":[331,339],"compared":[334],"larger":[338],"values.":[341,360],"Moreover,":[342],"comparisons":[343],"existing":[345],"studies":[346],"reveal":[347],"study\u2019s":[349],"improved":[350],"consistently":[354],"For":[361],"classification,":[362],"outperforms":[367],"others,":[368],"exceptional":[370],"accuracy,":[371],"precision,":[372],"recall,":[373],"metrics.":[376]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}