{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386536241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313409","title":"Efficient Malware Analysis Using Subspace-Based Methods on Representative Image Patterns","display_name":"Efficient Malware Analysis Using Subspace-Based Methods on Representative Image Patterns","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386536241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313409","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244023.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095041300","display_name":"Djafer Yahia Messaoud Benchadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djafer Yahia M Benchadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Degree Programs in Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-5104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Degree Programs in Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020907712","display_name":"Bojan Batalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bojan Batalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Koto-ku, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-0050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Koto-ku, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101567870","display_name":"Kazuhiro Fukui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-1096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Fukui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-1096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5657,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84262295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"102492","last_page":"102507"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7586033344268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.6792837977409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6058445572853088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5354433655738831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.446135550737381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4456237852573395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4245319962501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3403477072715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19384148716926575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7586033344268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.6792837977409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6058445572853088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5354433655738831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.446135550737381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4456237852573395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4245319962501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3403477072715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19384148716926575}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313409","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c0c1b10659f4e87ade38c0beff7996d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c0c1b10659f4e87ade38c0beff7996d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 102492-102507 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313409","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386536241.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386536241.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1469340765","https://openalex.org/W1514458971","https://openalex.org/W1514876195","https://openalex.org/W1556074820","https://openalex.org/W1564660545","https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1583484179","https://openalex.org/W1820849028","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1968643855","https://openalex.org/W1984233424","https://openalex.org/W2003791967","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2012132268","https://openalex.org/W2021264330","https://openalex.org/W2061360900","https://openalex.org/W2063898900","https://openalex.org/W2066220442","https://openalex.org/W2079215333","https://openalex.org/W2084979543","https://openalex.org/W2101837180","https://openalex.org/W2109628770","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2126401948","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2140586694","https://openalex.org/W2140785063","https://openalex.org/W2144112223","https://openalex.org/W2160888808","https://openalex.org/W2169889002","https://openalex.org/W2587930273","https://openalex.org/W2738165792","https://openalex.org/W2744520801","https://openalex.org/W2757276242","https://openalex.org/W2782173654","https://openalex.org/W2783615536","https://openalex.org/W2788864200","https://openalex.org/W2790918693","https://openalex.org/W2792618813","https://openalex.org/W2796394805","https://openalex.org/W2796681025","https://openalex.org/W2889100747","https://openalex.org/W2889474744","https://openalex.org/W2894211014","https://openalex.org/W2904109097","https://openalex.org/W2908835234","https://openalex.org/W2931858311","https://openalex.org/W2942392852","https://openalex.org/W2949468774","https://openalex.org/W2950754826","https://openalex.org/W2996806689","https://openalex.org/W2998074434","https://openalex.org/W3013908242","https://openalex.org/W3033396665","https://openalex.org/W3082575476","https://openalex.org/W3097711322","https://openalex.org/W3118382796","https://openalex.org/W3164066735","https://openalex.org/W3167041328","https://openalex.org/W3203731077","https://openalex.org/W4224299339","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W6681302627","https://openalex.org/W6685017606","https://openalex.org/W6745899033","https://openalex.org/W6746935165","https://openalex.org/W6748641434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W4316881845","https://openalex.org/W2975527072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,91],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,94,126,157],"propose":[4,158],"a":[5,23,76,103,117,159],"new":[6],"framework":[7,161],"for":[8],"classifying":[9],"and":[10,56,79,131,152,166,195,210,213,233],"visualizing":[11],"malware":[12,21,59,72,100,106,141,175],"files":[13,107],"using":[14],"subspace-based":[15],"methods.":[16],"The":[17],"rise":[18],"of":[19,99,105,173,193,201,217],"advanced":[20],"poses":[22],"significant":[24],"threat":[25],"to":[26,47,54,70,109,139,189,198,228],"internet":[27],"security,":[28],"increasing":[29],"the":[30,110,145,148,185,215],"pressure":[31],"on":[32,96,163,208],"traditional":[33,63],"cybersecurity":[34],"measures":[35],"which":[36,170],"may":[37,87],"no":[38],"longer":[39],"be":[40,88,180],"adequate.":[41],"As":[42],"signature-based":[43],"detection":[44,172],"is":[45,113],"limited":[46],"known":[48],"threats,":[49],"sophisticated":[50],"methods":[51,207,219,224],"are":[52,226],"needed":[53],"detect":[55],"classify":[57,140],"emerging":[58],"that":[60,86,225],"can":[61,74,179,196],"bypass":[62],"antivirus":[64],"software.":[65],"Using":[66],"representative":[67],"image":[68,101],"patterns":[69,85],"analyze":[71],"features":[73],"provide":[75],"more":[77],"detailed":[78,84],"precise":[80],"approach":[81],"by":[82,116,143],"revealing":[83],"missed":[89],"otherwise.":[90],"our":[92,206,218,236],"framework,":[93],"rely":[95],"subspace":[97,119,164],"representation":[98,165],"patterns;":[102],"set":[104],"belonging":[108],"same":[111],"class":[112,154],"compactly":[114],"represented":[115],"low-dimensional":[118],"in":[120,182,191],"high":[121],"dimensional":[122],"vector":[123,151],"space.":[124],"Then,":[125],"use":[127],"Subspace":[128,136],"method":[129,137,188],"(SM)":[130],"its":[132],"kernel":[133],"extension":[134],"Kernel":[135],"(KSM)":[138],"file":[142],"measuring":[144],"angle":[146],"between":[147],"corresponding":[149],"input":[150],"each":[153],"subspace.":[155],"Further,":[156],"visualization":[160],"based":[162],"occlusion":[167],"sensitivity":[168],"analysis":[169],"enables":[171],"critical":[174],"features.":[176],"These":[177],"visualizations":[178],"used":[181],"conjunction":[183],"with":[184],"proposed":[186],"classification":[187],"aid":[190],"interpretation":[192],"results":[194],"lead":[197],"better":[199],"understanding":[200],"malicious":[202],"threats.":[203],"We":[204],"evaluate":[205],"Malimg":[209],"Dumpware":[211],"datasets":[212],"demonstrate":[214],"advantage":[216],"over":[220],"previous":[221],"single-image":[222],"verification":[223],"vulnerable":[227],"varying":[229],"conditions.":[230],"With":[231],"98.07%":[232],"97.21%":[234],"accuracy,":[235],"algorithm":[237],"outperforms":[238],"other":[239],"state-of-the-art":[240],"techniques.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}