{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386536198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313200","title":"An Investigation on the Effects of Beam Squint Caused by an Analog Beamformed User Terminal Utilizing Antenna Arrays","display_name":"An Investigation on the Effects of Beam Squint Caused by an Analog Beamformed User Terminal Utilizing Antenna Arrays","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386536198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313200","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244165.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084069773","display_name":"Raed A. Abd\u2010Alhameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-9965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raed A. Abd-Alhameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-9965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075299123","display_name":"Yim Fun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-8346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yim Fun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-8346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022898409","display_name":"Yasir I. A. Al\u2010Yasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-3550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Al-Yasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K","Skyrora Ltd, Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7859-3550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skyrora Ltd, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075937367","display_name":"Naser Ojaroudi Parchin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-0269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Ojaroudi Parchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-0269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103995130","display_name":"Atta Ullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atta Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradford-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62364612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"98230","last_page":"98243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tapering","display_name":"Tapering","score":0.7008576393127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equaliser","display_name":"Equaliser","score":0.700600802898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-gain","display_name":"Array gain","score":0.58348149061203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5088741779327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49887704849243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-gain","display_name":"Antenna gain","score":0.49857378005981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.49638015031814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4247158169746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar-array","display_name":"Planar array","score":0.42175114154815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34254857897758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3119230270385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28208205103874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-pattern","display_name":"Radiation pattern","score":0.24756741523742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-aperture","display_name":"Antenna aperture","score":0.1625218391418457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114138010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7684542","display_name":"Tapering","level":2,"score":0.7008576393127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29921413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224487","display_name":"Equaliser","level":3,"score":0.700600802898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136664719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795880","display_name":"Array gain","level":4,"score":0.58348149061203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5088741779327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49887704849243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81183938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251537","display_name":"Antenna gain","level":5,"score":0.49857378005981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.49638015031814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4247158169746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775980084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Planar array","level":2,"score":0.42175114154815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34254857897758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3119230270385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28208205103874207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.24756741523742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137705275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571946","display_name":"Antenna aperture","level":4,"score":0.1625218391418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313200","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/19579.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/19579.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401846","display_name":"Bradford Scholars (University of Bradford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","host_organization_name":"University of Bradford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository@napier.ac.uk:3191089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://napier-repository.worktribe.com/file/3191089/1/An%20Investigation%20on%20the%20Effects%20of%20Beam%20Squint%20Caused%20by%20an%20Analog%20Beamformed%20User%20Terminal%20Utilizing%20Antenna%20Arrays","pdf_url":"https://napier-repository.worktribe.com/file/3191089/1/An%20Investigation%20on%20the%20Effects%20of%20Beam%20Squint%20Caused%20by%20an%20Analog%20Beamformed%20User%20Terminal%20Utilizing%20Antenna%20Arrays","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402591","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/19579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10454/19579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401846","display_name":"Bradford Scholars (University of Bradford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","host_organization_name":"University of Bradford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75933b0e3bde486aa8a04f72e97e5f44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75933b0e3bde486aa8a04f72e97e5f44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 98230-98243 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3313200","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10244165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3345895242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4104038149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MSCA-ITN-2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4621529451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7984235579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8462407591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386536198.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386536198.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2089074999","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2106833671","https://openalex.org/W2122885248","https://openalex.org/W2128145324","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2292762484","https://openalex.org/W2467224498","https://openalex.org/W2613863150","https://openalex.org/W2617974215","https://openalex.org/W2782637457","https://openalex.org/W2783808000","https://openalex.org/W2888283726","https://openalex.org/W2962703830","https://openalex.org/W2967245306","https://openalex.org/W2982280489","https://openalex.org/W3101824382","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W6676123269","https://openalex.org/W6719675868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2913401108","https://openalex.org/W1967099104","https://openalex.org/W4318602445","https://openalex.org/W3154945324","https://openalex.org/W4293083257","https://openalex.org/W3217065475","https://openalex.org/W3040285648","https://openalex.org/W2902196985","https://openalex.org/W2997793612","https://openalex.org/W2031543868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,13,17,23,58,62,66,69,73,75,78,92,110],"equivalent":[2,98],"frequency-based":[3],"model,":[4],"antenna":[6,24],"array":[7,37,42,63,94],"gain":[8,93,113],"is":[9,28,80],"utilised":[10],"to":[11,65],"characterise":[12],"frequency":[14,59,111],"response":[15,60,95,112],"of":[16,34,61,72,77,119,147],"beam":[18],"squint":[19],"effect":[20],"generated":[21],"by":[22,107,117],"array.":[25],"This":[26],"impact":[27],"considered":[29,90],"for":[30],"a":[31,53,122,127],"wide":[32],"range":[33],"uniform":[35,40],"linear":[36],"(ULA)":[38],"and":[39,48,82,139,143,149],"planar":[41],"(UPA)":[43],"designs,":[44],"including":[45],"those":[46],"with":[47,136],"without":[49],"tapering":[50],"configurations.":[51],"For":[52],"closer":[54],"look":[55],"at":[56],"how":[57],"adapts":[64],"variations":[67],"in":[68,101,109,145],"incidence":[70],"angle":[71],"signal,":[74],"bandwidth":[76],"spectrum":[79],"varied":[81],"investigated.":[83],"To":[84],"study":[85],"this":[86],"effect,":[87],"we":[88],"have":[89],"using":[91],"as":[96],"an":[97],"channel":[99],"model":[100],"our":[102],"approach.":[103],"Beam":[104],"squinting":[105],"caused":[106],"distortion":[108],"can":[114],"be":[115],"verified":[116],"one":[118],"two":[120],"equalisers:":[121],"zero-forcing":[123],"(ZF)":[124],"equaliser":[125],"or":[126],"minimum":[128],"mean":[129],"square":[130],"error":[131],"(MMSE)":[132],"equaliser.":[133],"Different":[134],"cases":[135],"their":[137],"analysis":[138],"results":[140],"are":[141],"studied":[142],"compared":[144],"terms":[146],"coded":[148],"uncoded":[150],"modulations.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}