{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386472899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312612","title":"A Study on the Effect of Ageing in Facial Authentication and the Utility of Data Augmentation to Reduce Performance Bias Across Age Groups","display_name":"A Study on the Effect of Ageing in Facial Authentication and the Utility of Data Augmentation to Reduce Performance Bias Across Age Groups","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386472899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312612","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10242105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10242105.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017293692","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-2788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-2788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043073773","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Farooq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Farooq","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029996716","display_name":"Joseph Lemley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-2313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33117478","display_name":"Xperi (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5wn07","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33117478","https://openalex.org/I4210127493"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Lemley","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Xperi Corporation, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xperi Corporation, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33117478"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066217549","display_name":"Peter Corcoran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-4793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Corcoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-4793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017293692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6949,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7206398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"97118","last_page":"97134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13169","display_name":"Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9506000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ageing","display_name":"Ageing","score":0.720524251461029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6299546957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5840557217597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.428431898355484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3072516620159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2674974799156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12544411420822144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500499127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332154","display_name":"Ageing","level":2,"score":0.720524251461029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6299546957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5840557217597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.428431898355484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3072516620159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2674974799156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12544411420822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312612","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10242105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c2dc7f302814df88b365b52e6c0680c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c2dc7f302814df88b365b52e6c0680c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 97118-97134 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://researchrepository.universityofgalway.ie:10379/18482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10379/18482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196322","display_name":"ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","host_organization_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312612","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10242105.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4243722537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EPSPG/2020/40","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","funder_display_name":"Irish Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","display_name":"Irish Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/051xex213"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386472899.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386472899.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19726667","https://openalex.org/W34163073","https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1524707035","https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1754959797","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W2012411608","https://openalex.org/W2035830871","https://openalex.org/W2039140324","https://openalex.org/W2048335227","https://openalex.org/W2064522660","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2115651492","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2121924427","https://openalex.org/W2126972425","https://openalex.org/W2134972128","https://openalex.org/W2147886538","https://openalex.org/W2165658188","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2563374830","https://openalex.org/W2588619671","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2663800299","https://openalex.org/W2739207911","https://openalex.org/W2747146256","https://openalex.org/W2774581827","https://openalex.org/W2895550533","https://openalex.org/W2896154921","https://openalex.org/W2909532775","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963112378","https://openalex.org/W2963137102","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2964150091","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2972163947","https://openalex.org/W3010093963","https://openalex.org/W3010400237","https://openalex.org/W3043978417","https://openalex.org/W3044815875","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3108663077","https://openalex.org/W3133860852","https://openalex.org/W3175713115","https://openalex.org/W3181462058","https://openalex.org/W3190626620","https://openalex.org/W3199041638","https://openalex.org/W4205147083","https://openalex.org/W4225130320","https://openalex.org/W4233204037","https://openalex.org/W4282840900","https://openalex.org/W4307773737","https://openalex.org/W4312320157","https://openalex.org/W6630649318","https://openalex.org/W6731290516","https://openalex.org/W6799764170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2012906904","https://openalex.org/W2079106159","https://openalex.org/W2136134918","https://openalex.org/W2518476915","https://openalex.org/W2392044770","https://openalex.org/W4205795461","https://openalex.org/W2358940109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,20,39,71,102,136,140],"study":[4],"on":[5,10,26,31,70,75],"the":[6,11,24,27,43,76,98,125,131,149,156,180],"effects":[7,77],"of":[8,15,23,29,42,66,88,124,167],"aging":[9,45,142],"performance":[12],"and":[13,97,118,169,183],"reliability":[14],"facial":[16],"authentication":[17,58],"methods.":[18],"First,":[19],"brief":[21],"review":[22],"literature":[25],"effect":[28],"age":[30,61,79,109,126,150,174],"face":[32,44,83],"recognition":[33,84],"algorithms":[34,85],"is":[35,101],"presented,":[36],"followed":[37],"by":[38],"detailed":[40],"description":[41],"datasets.":[46],"In":[47],"contrast":[48],"with":[49,164],"some":[50],"recent":[51],"studies,":[52],"we":[53],"demonstrate":[54],"significant":[55],"variations":[56],"in":[57,114,120,130],"robustness":[59,170],"between":[60],"groups.":[62,80],"The":[63],"second":[64],"part":[65],"this":[67],"paper":[68],"focuses":[69],"comprehensive":[72],"comparative":[73],"assessment":[74],"across":[78],"Four":[81],"different":[82,108],"are":[86,91,128,160,179,186],"studied":[87],"which":[89],"three":[90],"state-of-the-art":[92],"neural":[93],"network":[94],"based":[95],"models":[96],"fourth":[99],"one":[100],"conventional":[103],"machine":[104],"learning":[105],"model.":[106],"Two":[107],"range":[110],"threshold":[111],"settings":[112],"(\u00b13":[113],"Experiment":[115,121],"Category":[116,122],"A":[117],"\u00b15":[119],"B)":[123],"groups":[127],"adopted":[129],"experimental":[132],"analysis":[133],"to":[134,147,162,172,189],"get":[135],"proper":[137],"comparison.":[138],"Moreover,":[139],"synthetic":[141],"method":[143],"has":[144],"been":[145],"incorporated":[146],"augment":[148],"data.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"result":[153],"shows":[154],"that":[155],"older":[157],"adults":[158,178],"group":[159],"easier":[161],"identify":[163],"higher":[165],"levels":[166],"accuracy":[168],"compared":[171],"other":[173],"groups,":[175],"while":[176],"younger":[177],"most":[181],"challenging":[182],"false":[184],"authentications":[185],"more":[187],"likely":[188],"occur.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
