{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386412314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312019","title":"Enhancing Vector Comparison Using HMMs","display_name":"Enhancing Vector Comparison Using HMMs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386412314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312019","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10239169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10239169.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092738118","display_name":"Emmanuel Deli Madiga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8371-4089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I213072177","display_name":"University of Maroua","ror":"https://ror.org/051sa4h84","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Deli Madiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon","Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon (Cameroon)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8371-4089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon (Cameroon)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035821260","display_name":"Sylvain Iloga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-7744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12187552","display_name":"UniLaSalle Amiens (ESIEE-Amiens)","ror":"https://ror.org/03r13py57","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12187552"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I213072177","display_name":"University of Maroua","ror":"https://ror.org/051sa4h84","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148552","display_name":"Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/0592ata02","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142324","https://openalex.org/I4210148552","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I86175216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153851","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e9lisation Math\u00e9matique et Informatique des Syst\u00e8mes Complexes","ror":"https://ror.org/053kxkj53","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154111","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel","ror":"https://ror.org/03x42jk29","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154111"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166444","display_name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","ror":"https://ror.org/05q3vnk25","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1327553481","https://openalex.org/I154202486","https://openalex.org/I2799535048","https://openalex.org/I2802818602","https://openalex.org/I4210088668","https://openalex.org/I4210090127","https://openalex.org/I4210113730","https://openalex.org/I4210131494","https://openalex.org/I4210166444","https://openalex.org/I4405257220"]}],"countries":["CM","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvain Iloga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Higher Teachers’ Training College, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon","ESIEE-IT [Pontoise] (8 rue Pierre de Coubertin, 95300 Pontoise - France)","The University of Maroua - Department of Computer Science (Department of Computer Science \r\nThe University of Maroua\r\nP.O. box 55 Maroua\r\nCameroon - Cameroon)","UMMISCO - Unit\u00e9 de mod\u00e9lisation math\u00e9matique et informatique des syst\u00e8mes complexes [Bondy] (IRD France Nord - 32 avenue Henri Varagnat - 93143 Bondy cedex - France)","ETIS - UMR 8051 - Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Syst\u00e8mes (6, avenue du Ponceau. F 95014 CERGY-PONTOISE CEDEX - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-7744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Higher Teachers’ Training College, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESIEE-IT [Pontoise] (8 rue Pierre de Coubertin, 95300 Pontoise - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12187552","https://openalex.org/I4210154111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Maroua - Department of Computer Science (Department of Computer Science \r\nThe University of Maroua\r\nP.O. box 55 Maroua\r\nCameroon - Cameroon)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UMMISCO - Unit\u00e9 de mod\u00e9lisation math\u00e9matique et informatique des syst\u00e8mes complexes [Bondy] (IRD France Nord - 32 avenue Henri Varagnat - 93143 Bondy cedex - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153851","https://openalex.org/I4210166444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETIS - UMR 8051 - Equipes Traitement de l'Information et Syst\u00e8mes (6, avenue du Ponceau. F 95014 CERGY-PONTOISE CEDEX - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148552"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092738118"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I213072177"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1177,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40806818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"96939","last_page":"96953"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.676958441734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48978757858276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4711762070655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.46966752409935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4615737199783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.44472798705101013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676958441734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48978757858276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4711762070655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.46966752409935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4615737199783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.44472798705101013}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312019","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10239169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04290978v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04290978v1/document","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04290978/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 2023, 11, pp.96939-96953. ⟨10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312019⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26503093ad2e43b1b22cfb207d63e5a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26503093ad2e43b1b22cfb207d63e5a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 96939-96953 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3312019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3312019","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10239169.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386412314.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386412314.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195533127","https://openalex.org/W629278618","https://openalex.org/W1535602073","https://openalex.org/W1544957847","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1587559447","https://openalex.org/W1732828232","https://openalex.org/W2040519706","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2077525424","https://openalex.org/W2079810998","https://openalex.org/W2118527389","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2142248489","https://openalex.org/W2143668817","https://openalex.org/W2170798597","https://openalex.org/W2758309723","https://openalex.org/W2887791561","https://openalex.org/W2888404621","https://openalex.org/W2917447037","https://openalex.org/W2968893289","https://openalex.org/W3000409346","https://openalex.org/W3022747840","https://openalex.org/W3080427797","https://openalex.org/W3131860561","https://openalex.org/W3202941277","https://openalex.org/W4238957295","https://openalex.org/W4249379860","https://openalex.org/W4254491045","https://openalex.org/W4297817021","https://openalex.org/W6607976765","https://openalex.org/W6678628999","https://openalex.org/W6682644385","https://openalex.org/W6686785280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136763963","https://openalex.org/W2109705048","https://openalex.org/W2940588515","https://openalex.org/W1909151225","https://openalex.org/W1987783679","https://openalex.org/W2160030256","https://openalex.org/W1521297879","https://openalex.org/W4253235840","https://openalex.org/W3151937861","https://openalex.org/W2033914206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vectors":[0],"are":[1,21],"generally":[2],"compared":[3],"through":[4],"the":[5,8,27,59,76,83,100,108],"comparison":[6,28,84],"of":[7,11,29,66,78,103],"exact":[9],"values":[10],"their":[12],"components.":[13],"Existing":[14],"techniques":[15,55,113],"only":[16],"compare":[17,62],"two":[18,63],"vectors":[19,30,70],"and":[20],"limited":[22],"by":[23,42,56],"many":[24],"factors":[25],"for":[26],"having":[31,71],"different":[32,72],"dimensions.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"attempts":[36],"to":[37,61],"overcome":[38],"all":[39],"these":[40],"limitations":[41],"proposing":[43],"a":[44],"new":[45],"technique":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48,81,91],"hidden":[49],"Markov":[50],"models":[51],"which":[52,82],"enhances":[53],"existing":[54,112],"giving":[57],"them":[58],"ability":[60],"finite":[64],"sets":[65],"vectors,":[67],"each":[68],"containing":[69],"dimensions,":[73],"while":[74],"precising":[75],"set":[77,102],"targeted":[79,104],"properties":[80,105],"should":[85],"be":[86],"performed.":[87],"Classification":[88],"experiments":[89],"conducted":[90],"three":[92],"online":[93],"available":[94],"custom":[95],"datasets":[96],"demonstrated":[97],"that":[98],"when":[99],"suitable":[101],"is":[106],"selected,":[107],"proposed":[109],"approach":[110],"outperforms":[111],"with":[114],"accuracy":[115],"gains":[116],"reaching":[117],"+82.3%.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}