{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386362965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3311393","title":"Detection and Localization of Data Forgery Attacks in Automatic Generation Control","display_name":"Detection and Localization of Data Forgery Attacks in Automatic Generation Control","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386362965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3311393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3311393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3311393","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10237184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10237184.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076831677","display_name":"Fengli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-8817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070326862","display_name":"Yatish Dubasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7409-0286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yatish Dubasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7409-0286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104099051","display_name":"Wei Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101927781","display_name":"Qinghua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-6216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-6216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5121,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80926061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"95999","last_page":"96013"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.8302516937255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8159738779067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5026836395263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.47946441173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.46874314546585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-gain-control","display_name":"Automatic gain control","score":0.421806275844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4171808362007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3628305196762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11348414421081543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.8302516937255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8159738779067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5026836395263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.47946441173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.46874314546585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177502760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782524","display_name":"Automatic gain control","level":4,"score":0.421806275844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4171808362007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3628305196762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11348414421081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3311393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3311393","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10237184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.uark.edu:elegpub-1009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.uark.edu/elegpub/9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764830181","display_name":"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science","issn_l":"2326-0491","issn":["2326-0491","2326-0505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320103","host_organization_name":"Arkansas Academy of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Arkansas Academy of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d604ec1253474f55a8a90a3e551eef42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d604ec1253474f55a8a90a3e551eef42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 95999-96013 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1997904","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1997904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1999313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1999313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2418266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2418266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3311393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3311393","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10237184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3699118498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OE0000779","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8525368751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-OE0000779","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386362965.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386362965.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295317498","https://openalex.org/W1594050211","https://openalex.org/W1994956743","https://openalex.org/W2028045978","https://openalex.org/W2030851210","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2098553889","https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2115472369","https://openalex.org/W2152106854","https://openalex.org/W2304026854","https://openalex.org/W2312340764","https://openalex.org/W2489292218","https://openalex.org/W2615509641","https://openalex.org/W2777833188","https://openalex.org/W2905025879","https://openalex.org/W3010399226","https://openalex.org/W3098769787","https://openalex.org/W3102164357","https://openalex.org/W3132458493","https://openalex.org/W3136810246","https://openalex.org/W4205859691","https://openalex.org/W4225747461","https://openalex.org/W4225993797","https://openalex.org/W4237248368","https://openalex.org/W4285107739","https://openalex.org/W4387969880","https://openalex.org/W6635165839","https://openalex.org/W6774631586","https://openalex.org/W6858266089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520314131","https://openalex.org/W2244943682","https://openalex.org/W2362660065","https://openalex.org/W2066180773","https://openalex.org/W2807969091","https://openalex.org/W1895825885","https://openalex.org/W2014616028","https://openalex.org/W2314899112","https://openalex.org/W1627810955","https://openalex.org/W2543476644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"Generation":[1],"Control":[2,44],"(AGC)":[3],"is":[4,71],"a":[5,24,117],"key":[6],"control":[7,38],"system":[8,83],"to":[9,40,73,121,148,176],"keep":[10],"the":[11,29,42,54,95,152,178,187],"power":[12,31,50,62,76,82,96],"system\u2019s":[13,97],"balance":[14],"between":[15],"load":[16],"and":[17,33,47,68,116,123,163,202,205,209],"supply":[18],"by":[19,168],"maintaining":[20],"its":[21],"frequency":[22,34,59],"in":[23,129,141,151],"specific":[25],"range.":[26],"It":[27],"collects":[28],"tie-line":[30,61],"flow":[32,63],"measurements":[35,64],"of":[36],"each":[37],"area":[39],"calculate":[41],"Area":[43],"Error":[45],"(ACE)":[46],"then":[48,69],"adjusts":[49],"generation":[51,77],"based":[52,191],"on":[53,192,200],"calculated":[55],"ACE.":[56],"However,":[57],"malicious":[58],"or":[60],"can":[65,87],"be":[66,88,149],"injected":[67],"AGC":[70,143],"misled":[72],"make":[74,171],"false":[75],"adjustment":[78],"which":[79,137],"will":[80],"harm":[81],"operations.":[84],"Such":[85],"attacks":[86,128],"carefully":[89],"designed":[90],"so":[91],"that":[92],"they":[93],"pass":[94],"existing":[98,142],"bad":[99],"data":[100,126,158,162],"detection":[101,189,208],"schemes.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104],"work,":[105],"we":[106,180],"propose":[107,182],"Long":[108],"Short":[109],"Term":[110],"Memory":[111],"(LSTM)":[112],"Neural":[113],"Network-based":[114],"methods":[115,132,183,196],"Fourier":[118],"Transform-based":[119],"method":[120],"detect":[122,164],"localize":[124],"such":[125],"forgery":[127],"AGC.":[130],"These":[131,195],"only":[133],"utilize":[134],"historical":[135,161],"data,":[136],"are":[138,197],"already":[139],"available":[140],"systems,":[144],"making":[145],"them":[146],"easy":[147],"deployed":[150],"real":[153,201],"world.":[154],"They":[155],"learn":[156],"normal":[157],"patterns":[159,166],"from":[160],"abnormal":[165],"caused":[167],"attacks.":[169],"To":[170],"it":[172],"easier":[173],"for":[174,184],"users":[175],"use":[177],"solution,":[179],"also":[181],"automatically":[185],"finding":[186],"proper":[188],"threshold":[190],"user":[193],"needs.":[194],"tested":[198],"both":[199],"simulated":[203],"datasets":[204],"show":[206],"high":[207],"localization":[210],"accuracy.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}