{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386065261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3307429","title":"CRSF: An Intrusion Detection Framework for Industrial Internet of Things Based on Pretrained CNN2D-RNN and SVM","display_name":"CRSF: An Intrusion Detection Framework for Industrial Internet of Things Based on Pretrained CNN2D-RNN and SVM","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386065261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3307429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3307429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3307429","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10226180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10226180.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012559145","display_name":"Shiming Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101528374","display_name":"Guangzhao Chai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7824-9471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangzhao Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7824-9471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023351467","display_name":"Yuhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-2527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-2527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019994383","display_name":"Guohui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-1002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102017209","display_name":"Zhenxing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2905-0856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101274522","display_name":"Dan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134052481","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078541266","display_name":"Rencai Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2801-2808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103627","display_name":"BaiCheng Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01djkf495","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103627"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rencai Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103627"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012559145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134052481"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.3715,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97609928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"92041","last_page":"92054"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7420806884765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.713858425617218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.668883204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5609740614891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45215392112731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3807346820831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3793862462043762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3645060360431671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7420806884765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.713858425617218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.668883204460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5609740614891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45215392112731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3807346820831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3793862462043762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3645060360431671}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3307429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3307429","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10226180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b69aca314fd94ec3ad273be2967611bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b69aca314fd94ec3ad273be2967611bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 92041-92054 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3307429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3307429","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10226180.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8693103939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HSDSSCX2023-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328098","funder_display_name":"Harbin Normal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328098","display_name":"Harbin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0270y6950"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386065261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386065261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129888542","https://openalex.org/W2753352458","https://openalex.org/W2755146079","https://openalex.org/W2775103799","https://openalex.org/W2805029945","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2914521857","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2929049293","https://openalex.org/W2942231644","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2971724044","https://openalex.org/W2987793235","https://openalex.org/W2996367417","https://openalex.org/W2998722477","https://openalex.org/W3002335888","https://openalex.org/W3016970793","https://openalex.org/W3022802582","https://openalex.org/W3027236250","https://openalex.org/W3072011699","https://openalex.org/W3085955590","https://openalex.org/W3092944667","https://openalex.org/W3102259344","https://openalex.org/W3110852602","https://openalex.org/W3123908207","https://openalex.org/W3129369183","https://openalex.org/W3133060356","https://openalex.org/W3134154544","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3154213948","https://openalex.org/W3161403725","https://openalex.org/W3162956350","https://openalex.org/W3164796711","https://openalex.org/W3164964481","https://openalex.org/W3169092194","https://openalex.org/W3177468214","https://openalex.org/W3196585642","https://openalex.org/W3211805421","https://openalex.org/W4212958548","https://openalex.org/W4220818970","https://openalex.org/W4284994113","https://openalex.org/W4285106051","https://openalex.org/W4285157458","https://openalex.org/W4288061065","https://openalex.org/W4295203425","https://openalex.org/W4297846671","https://openalex.org/W4308119167","https://openalex.org/W4308194848","https://openalex.org/W4309699936","https://openalex.org/W4312916593","https://openalex.org/W4313415198","https://openalex.org/W4313654696","https://openalex.org/W4319754153","https://openalex.org/W4367281172","https://openalex.org/W6758818525","https://openalex.org/W6786860526","https://openalex.org/W6795225956","https://openalex.org/W6840284724"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W2387580700","https://openalex.org/W2746581472","https://openalex.org/W60934498","https://openalex.org/W2899285606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,93],"traditional":[1],"support":[2],"vector":[3],"machine":[4],"(SVM)":[5],"requires":[6],"manual":[7,38],"feature":[8,39,121,149,166],"extraction":[9,40],"to":[10,43,102,115,125,128,142,151,163],"improve":[11],"classification":[12],"performance":[13],"and":[14,69,119,155,200,205,211],"relies":[15],"on":[16,89,173],"the":[17,50,120,144,148,161,174,177,180,188,194],"expressive":[18],"power":[19],"of":[20,33,53,65,168,179,202],"manually":[21],"extracted":[22],"features.":[23,132],"However,":[24],"this":[25,77],"characteristic":[26],"poses":[27],"limitations":[28],"in":[29,55,183,192,213],"complex":[30],"Industrial":[31],"Internet":[32],"Things":[34],"(IIoT)":[35],"environments.":[36],"Traditional":[37],"may":[41],"fail":[42],"capture":[44,129],"all":[45],"relevant":[46],"information,":[47],"thereby":[48],"restricting":[49],"application":[51],"effectiveness":[52,178],"SVM":[54,136],"IIoT":[56],"settings.":[57],"CNN-RNN,":[58],"as":[59,139],"a":[60,81,98,140,152],"deep":[61],"learning":[62],"network":[63],"capable":[64],"simultaneously":[66],"extracting":[67],"spatial":[68,117],"temporal":[70,131],"features,":[71,118],"can":[72],"alleviate":[73],"researchers\u2019":[74],"burden.":[75],"In":[76],"paper,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"novel":[82],"intrusion":[83,184,214],"detection":[84],"system":[85],"(IDS)":[86],"framework":[87,162,182,195],"based":[88],"anomalies,":[90],"called":[91],"CRSF.":[92],"framework\u2019s":[94],"pre-training":[95,145],"part":[96],"employs":[97],"dimension":[99],"transformation":[100],"function":[101,191],"process":[103],"input":[104],"data":[105,146],"into":[106],"two-dimensional":[107],"images.":[108],"Two-dimensional":[109],"convolutional":[110],"kernels":[111],"are":[112,123],"then":[113],"employed":[114],"extract":[116],"sequences":[122],"passed":[124],"an":[126,197],"RNN":[127],"richer":[130],"After":[133],"sufficient":[134],"pre-training,":[135],"is":[137],"used":[138],"classifier":[141],"map":[143],"from":[147],"space":[150,154],"high-dimensional":[153],"learn":[156],"nonlinear":[157],"decision":[158],"boundaries,":[159],"enabling":[160],"accurately":[164],"differentiate":[165],"representations":[167],"different":[169],"classes.":[170],"Simulation":[171],"experiments":[172],"TON_IoT-Datasets":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"CRSF":[181],"detection.":[185,215],"When":[186],"using":[187],"\"linear\"":[189],"kernel":[190],"SVM,":[193],"achieves":[196],"accuracy,":[198],"F1-score,":[199],"AUC":[201],"0.9959,":[203,204],"0.9977,":[206],"respectively,":[207],"indicating":[208],"its":[209],"capability":[210],"superiority":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-11T08:15:01.531666","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
