{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385938093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3306242","title":"SSRDet: Small Object Detection Based on Feature Pyramid Network","display_name":"SSRDet: Small Object Detection Based on Feature Pyramid Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385938093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3306242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3306242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3306242","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223200.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223200.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101683953","display_name":"Lijuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-6070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China","College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101997073","display_name":"Minhui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-3115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4385474403","display_name":"Changchun University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052pakb34","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minhui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021078987","display_name":"Yutong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-9422"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-9422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112982300","display_name":"Dongming Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, China","College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-6070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102441278","display_name":"Yue Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101683953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4385474403"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0424,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79042119,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"96743","last_page":"96752"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.8506518602371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8171988725662231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.694831132888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6656281352043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6539127230644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5922663807868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5642867684364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5379529595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5218514204025269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4700794517993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4506540298461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4299390912055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.4243292808532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4239340126514435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3680902123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22838065028190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0892171561717987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.8506518602371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8171988725662231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.694831132888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6656281352043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6539127230644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5922663807868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5642867684364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5379529595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5218514204025269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4700794517993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4506540298461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4299390912055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4243292808532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4239340126514435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3680902123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22838065028190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0892171561717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3306242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3306242","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223200.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b400ff30e56e4defb4e3726e66657fa2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b400ff30e56e4defb4e3726e66657fa2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 96743-96752 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3306242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3306242","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223200.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3990857471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20210204050YY","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327282","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020718088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327282","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385938093.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385938093.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2579985080","https://openalex.org/W2625219738","https://openalex.org/W2768489488","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2896155169","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963381188","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963584620","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964093967","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2991359031","https://openalex.org/W2993756598","https://openalex.org/W2997408160","https://openalex.org/W3009396058","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3036543015","https://openalex.org/W3041525128","https://openalex.org/W3092663126","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3175630421","https://openalex.org/W3181955139","https://openalex.org/W3183430956","https://openalex.org/W4214604401","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4302275239","https://openalex.org/W4312823573","https://openalex.org/W4313065939","https://openalex.org/W4313172897","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6640295612","https://openalex.org/W6732243160","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6751325469","https://openalex.org/W6753412334","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6779679448","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6795300077","https://openalex.org/W6798274885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W44395729","https://openalex.org/W2765338038","https://openalex.org/W1496225612","https://openalex.org/W1523500768","https://openalex.org/W2517629151","https://openalex.org/W1566843515","https://openalex.org/W4292850564","https://openalex.org/W2181660907","https://openalex.org/W4386191828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1],"still":[2,24],"many":[3],"technological":[4],"challenges":[5],"in":[6,10,64,163],"recognizing":[7],"small":[8,21,69,77,88,171],"objects":[9,22],"complex":[11],"situations,":[12],"and":[13,97,101,122,144,180,182],"the":[14,44,52,56,65,76,103,116,124,128,133,153,160,164,186],"performance":[15],"of":[16,46,51,68,105,127],"current":[17],"detection":[18,71,79,90],"algorithms":[19],"for":[20],"is":[23],"unsatisfactory.":[25],"Most":[26],"existing":[27],"methods":[28],"mainly":[29],"use":[30],"feature":[31,53,85,134,166],"pyramid":[32,54,86,135],"networks":[33],"to":[34,43,114,157,168],"enrich":[35],"shallow":[36,57,129,165],"features":[37,58],"using":[38],"contextual":[39],"features.":[40,173],"However,":[41],"due":[42],"inconsistency":[45,118],"gradients":[47],"between":[48,119],"different":[49],"layers":[50,121],"network,":[55],"cannot":[59],"be":[60],"fully":[61],"utilized":[62],"resulting":[63],"slow":[66],"improvement":[67],"object":[70,78,89,172],"accuracy.":[72],"To":[73,93],"effectively":[74,94],"improve":[75],"algorithm,":[80,91],"we":[81,109,131,151],"propose":[82],"a":[83,139,145],"new":[84],"network-based":[87],"SSRDet.":[92],"assign":[95],"positive":[96],"negative":[98],"sample":[99,106],"labels":[100],"address":[102],"issue":[104],"scale":[107,140,146],"imbalance,":[108],"first":[110],"present":[111],"RFLA.":[112],"Then,":[113],"overcome":[115],"gradient":[117],"various":[120],"enable":[123],"full":[125],"utilization":[126],"features,":[130],"extend":[132],"network":[136],"by":[137],"including":[138],"enhancement":[141],"module":[142,148,155],"(SEM)":[143],"selection":[147],"(SSM).":[149],"Finally,":[150],"introduced":[152],"attention":[154],"(SPAM)":[156],"filter":[158],"out":[159],"background":[161],"noise":[162],"extraction":[167],"better":[169],"extract":[170],"We":[174],"validated":[175],"our":[176,183],"method":[177,184],"on":[178],"VisDrone2019":[179],"AI-TOD,":[181],"outperformed":[185],"state-of-the-art":[187],"detectors.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}