{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385938310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3305966","title":"Context Aware-Resource Optimality in Electric Vehicle Smart2Charge Application: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach","display_name":"Context Aware-Resource Optimality in Electric Vehicle Smart2Charge Application: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385938310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3305966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3305966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3305966","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223207.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024432318","display_name":"Muddsair Sharif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5658-2036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart Technical University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muddsair Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","The University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5658-2036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011286092","display_name":"Gero L\u00fcckemeyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart Technical University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gero L\u00fcckemeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany","The University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057405456","display_name":"H\u00fcseyin \u015eeker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huseyin Seker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-9552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":1.0794,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74626021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"88583","last_page":"88596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7887555360794067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7474179267883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.58082115650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5763016939163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5127111673355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.46431446075439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4371170997619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.37645143270492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3305216431617737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.27154213190078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1737026870250702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10841253399848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10455948114395142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7887555360794067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7474179267883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.58082115650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5763016939163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5127111673355103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.46431446075439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4371170997619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.37645143270492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3305216431617737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.27154213190078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1737026870250702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10841253399848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10455948114395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3305966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3305966","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa911af869544c74a345352f2365d988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa911af869544c74a345352f2365d988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 88583-88596 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3305966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3305966","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10223207.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2186355850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BS123456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385938310.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385938310.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331197271","https://openalex.org/W2104897570","https://openalex.org/W2201960948","https://openalex.org/W2326600353","https://openalex.org/W2515947593","https://openalex.org/W2794612233","https://openalex.org/W2963668922","https://openalex.org/W2968303619","https://openalex.org/W2985230321","https://openalex.org/W2989127100","https://openalex.org/W2997578696","https://openalex.org/W3007333588","https://openalex.org/W3013018758","https://openalex.org/W3025179839","https://openalex.org/W3046632728","https://openalex.org/W3083278847","https://openalex.org/W3083630348","https://openalex.org/W3092027564","https://openalex.org/W3099595971","https://openalex.org/W3109124405","https://openalex.org/W3113404185","https://openalex.org/W3132328326","https://openalex.org/W3135730722","https://openalex.org/W3187312764","https://openalex.org/W3187996717","https://openalex.org/W4284885566","https://openalex.org/W4295745160","https://openalex.org/W4307290295","https://openalex.org/W4308313000","https://openalex.org/W4310584419","https://openalex.org/W4313216040","https://openalex.org/W4313388699","https://openalex.org/W4316660424","https://openalex.org/W4319069002","https://openalex.org/W4319302859","https://openalex.org/W4320015734","https://openalex.org/W4321021150","https://openalex.org/W4321021842","https://openalex.org/W4321022112","https://openalex.org/W4386951851","https://openalex.org/W6687470007","https://openalex.org/W6848663691","https://openalex.org/W6849645673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W20361778","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"vehicle":[1],"(EV)":[2],"adoption":[3],"is":[4,22,161,176],"expanding,":[5],"posing":[6],"new":[7],"issues":[8],"for":[9,30,123,190,223],"grid":[10,99,195],"operators,":[11,13,16],"fleet":[12,102,230],"charging":[14,33,52,86,97,109,121,188,233],"station":[15,110,234],"and":[17,27,40,67,82,105,119,135,149,170,183,199,225,232],"EV":[18,32,50,114,191],"owners.":[19],"The":[20,69,140,154,213],"challenge":[21],"to":[23,73,84,126,137],"devise":[24],"an":[25,89,172],"efficient":[26,224],"cost-effective":[28,120,187],"strategy":[29],"managing":[31],"that":[34,60,157],"takes":[35,61],"into":[36,62],"account":[37,63],"the":[38,94,158,165,221],"demands":[39],"objectives":[41,169],"of":[42,79,108,163,207,229],"all":[43,64],"parties.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46],"offers":[47],"a":[48,117,205,209],"context-aware":[49],"smart":[51],"system":[53,71,160,215],"based":[54],"on":[55],"deep":[56],"reinforcement":[57],"learning":[58],"(DRL)":[59],"participants\u2019":[65],"requirements":[66],"objectives.":[68],"DRL-based":[70],"adjusts":[72],"changing":[74,138],"contexts":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77,204],"time":[78],"day,":[80],"location,":[81],"weather":[83],"optimize":[85],"decisions":[87],"within":[88],"instantaneous":[90],"fashion":[91],"by":[92,197,202],"balancing":[93,164],"trade-offs":[95,166],"among":[96],"cost,":[98],"strain":[100,196],"reduction,":[101],"operator":[103],"preferences,":[104],"energy":[106,211],"efficiency":[107],"maintainer":[111],"while":[112,193],"providing":[113,171],"owners":[115,192],"with":[116,151],"convenient":[118],"experience":[122,189],"its":[124],"ability":[125],"handle":[127],"sequential":[128],"decision-making,":[129],"capture":[130],"complex":[131],"patterns":[132],"in":[133,219],"data,":[134],"adapt":[136],"contexts.":[139],"proposed":[141,159,214],"system\u2019s":[142],"performance":[143],"has":[144,216],"been":[145],"evaluated":[146],"using":[147,208],"simulations":[148],"compared":[150],"existing":[152],"solutions.":[153],"results":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"capable":[162],"between":[167],"different":[168],"energy-efficient":[173],"solution":[174],"which":[175],"approximately":[177],"15%":[178],"better":[179],"than":[180],"traditional":[181],"approach,":[182],"about":[184],"10%":[185,203],"more":[186],"reducing":[194],"20%":[198],"CO2":[200],"emissions":[201],"result":[206],"natural":[210],"source.":[212],"then":[217],"resulted":[218],"achieving":[220],"needs":[222],"optimised":[226],"resource":[227],"scheduling":[228],"operators":[231],"maintainers.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}